Oedipus Rex as a tragic hero Essay Example For Students

Oedipus Rex as a sad legend Essay In the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Oedipus is an exemplary awful legend. As indicated by Aristotles definition, Oedipus is an unfortunate legend since he is a lord whose life self-destructs when he discovers his biography. There are various qualities depicted by Aristotle that recognize a terrible legend. For instance, a terrible saint must reason his own destruction; his destiny isn't merited, and his discipline surpasses the wrongdoing; he likewise should be of honorable height and have enormity. Oedipus is enamored with his romanticized self, however neither the pretentious nor the burdensome Narcissus can truly adore himself (Miller 67). The entirety of the above attributes make Oedipus a disastrous legend as indicated by Aristotles thoughts regarding catastrophe, and a narcissist as per Alice Millers The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self. Utilizing Oedipus as a perfect model, Aristotle says that a terrible legend must be a significant or compelling man who makes a mistake in judgment, and who should then endure the results of his activities. Those activities are seen when Oedipus powers Teiresias to uncover his fate and his dads name. When Teiresias attempts to caution him by saying This day will give you guardians and obliterate you (Sophocles line 428), Oedipus despite everything couldn't care less and continues with his scrutinizing. The grievous saint must take in an exercise from his blunders in judgment and become a guide to the crowd of what happens when incredible men tumble from their grandiose social or political positions. As per Miller, an individual who is incredible, who is appreciated all over the place, and needs this deference to endure, has one of the extraordinary types of narcissism, which is pomposity. Pomposity can be seen when an individual appreciates himself, his characteristics, for example, excellence, intelligence, and abilities, and his prosperity and accomplishments significantly. In the event that one of these happens to come up short, at that point the fiasco of a serious misery is close (Miller 34). Those activities happen when the Herdsman discloses to Oedipus who his mom is, and Oedipus answers Oh, goodness, at that point everything has come out obvious. Light, I will not look on you Again. I have been conceived where I ought not be conceived, I have been hitched where I ought not wed, I have executed whom I ought not murder; presently everything is clear (Sophocles lines 1144). Oedipuss choice to seek after his scrutinizing isn't right; his self importance blinded him and, hence, his destiny isn't merited, yet it is a long ways outside his ability to control. A prediction is anticipated to Laius, the dad of Oedipus, that the fate of Oedipus is a horrendous one outside his ability to control. Be that as it may, when it is prophesized to Oedipus, he goes ahead from the city of his temporary parents so as to keep this horrendous destiny from happening. Oedipuss predetermination isn't merited in light of the fact that he is being rebuffed for his folks activities. His introduction to the world guardians look for the guidance of the Delphi Oracle, who suggests that they ought not have any youngsters. At the point when the kid is conceived, Laius is overwhelmed with dread when he recollects the prophet. Oedipus is surrendered by his introduction to the world guardians and is denied their affection, which is the thing that outcomes in what Miller calls Depression as Denial of the Self. Despondency results from a refusal of ones own enthusiastic responses, and we can't generally adore on the off chance that we deny our fact, reality with regards to our folks and guardians as, well as about ourselves (Miller 43). The introduction of Oedipus presets his predetermination to bring about catastrophe despite the fact that he is of respectable birth. In catastrophes, heroes are as a rule of the respectability to cause their tumbles to appear to be more prominent. Oedipus simply happens to be brought into the world a ruler, and he has spared a realm that is legitimately his from the Sphinx. .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 , .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 .postImageUrl , .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 , .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60:hover , .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60:visited , .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60:active { border:0!important; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60:active , .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6ba52ca31292 c49f28ea090de950cf60 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6ba52ca31292c49f28ea090de950cf60:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: youngster self destruction Essay His predetermination is to be of honorable height from birth, which is denied to him by his folks, however given back by the Sphinx. His honorability bamboozled him just as his appearance, since it shows just his ideal, superb face and not his internal world, his torment, his history (Miller 66). At the point when he depends on his status, he is visually impaired, not genuinely, yet inwardly. He is visually impaired in his activities; thusly he doesn't see that the scrutinizing would bring him just hopelessness. Afterward, after his self-caused blinding, Oedipus considers his to be as bad behavior when he says What use are my eyes to me, who would See nothing lovely once more? (Sophocles line 1293) and that visual deficiency doesn't really need to be physical as we can se when he says, If I had sight, I know not with what eyes I would have looked (Sophocles line 1325). In the play Oedipus Rex, Sophocles depicts the principle character, Oedipus, as a well-intentioned individual who has terrible judgment and is fragile. Oedipus settles on a couple of lethal choices and is sentenced to significant enduring as a result of them. I concur with Aristotle that Oedipus disaster happens in view of his sad blemish. In the event that he hadnt been so critical or narcissistic, as Miller would portray a character like Oedipus, he could never have executed King Laius and called Teiresias a liar. At the outset, Teiresias is basically attempting to slide him gradually into reality; however Oedipus is too glad to even consider seeing any facts, and he will not accept that he could have been answerable for such a horrendous wrongdoing. He learns an exercise about existence and how there is something else entirely to it than only one people fate.Category: Book Reports

Broken Families Essay

Presentation Family is the essential unit of society. This is the most significant part of a nation. †The family is one of nature’s masterpieces.† (Santayana) 2012. Administration might be compelling if the residents are appropriately situated with great qualities and temperances, which is usually instructed by the family. †Marriage is the consent to let a family happen.† (Wylie) 2012.A home is the place a family lives. It might be exchanged to the word ‘house’ however a house is all the more properly alluding to the material structure, though ‘home’ alludes to the immaterial things that predicament together the relatives. It is the unfathomable love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their posterity, or the family. A home where great qualities and temperances are regularly educated by the family. Beside giving a domain helpful for physical development and wellbeing, the family should likewise make a climate that would impact the intellectual and mental development of its part. In the event that the necessities of the individual relatives are met, different individuals can connect with others in the family, the network, and society overall. Be that as it may, regardless of how cheerful a family in the provisions of their relationship, there are still hardships and false impressions that will go along the way. It is simply part of any relationship at any rate. Be that as it may, the miserable part is the point at which one of the relatives surrendered and the others must choose the option to acknowledge and give up. In this way, the family begins to be broken, shifts from various reasons why it must be that way. In any case, generally, misconception begins from straightforward residential squabble that becomes impudently harming theâ long-fashioned connection between the relatives. At the point when a couple split up, the youngsters are significantly influenced scarring them truly, genuinely and socially. The most widely recognized question between a spouse and a wife is the money related issue. This is established when the dad, which ought to be the supplier for the family, can’t give enough cash for the food of the entire family. A bad habit that can't be surrendered might be related with this. Single child rearing or broken family is a significant social issue that can effectsly affect a child’s scholastic execution. Youngsters who are brought up in a solitary family home are in danger of not arriving at their maximum capacity. Broken homes are experienced by a portion of the understudies with those in destitution line families as well as same goes to center and higher class families. Guardians decided to live independently notwithstanding how their youngsters feel and its effect on their lives, be that as it may, there are still guardians despite the circumstance despite everything supports and care of their kids in their investigations, and others. The scholastic execution of youngsters from broken home is regularly antagonistically influenced, just as the pressure of deficient money related assets. Kids from broken home family are distraught. Some of them don't go to class; the individuals who do may go to low quality schools, with low scholarly execution. Some of them may drop out of school rashly. The mindful intensity of single parent may decide the length of tutoring of kid in the messed up home family. The young ladies are bound to become high schooler moms while still in school. In most broken homes, the kids are commonly impeded on the grounds that they are by and large viewed as being denied scholastically, monetarily, socially and socially. Their condition isn't helpful for learning and in which instruction isn't sufficient. The vast majority of the influenced people are people from low salary zones in which incompetent work, poor day to day environments wins. All these have negative effect in the scholastic execution of the students. Understudies in brokenâ home families consistently have shortage. Because of misfortune one parent, these kids endure mental issues. Foundation of the examination The family is the child’s ahead of all comers of contact with the world. The youngster thus, gets introductory training and socialization from guardians and other huge people in the family. Agulana (1999) brought up that the family lays the mental, good, and otherworldly establishment in the general improvement of the kid. Fundamentally, family/homes is either broken or unblemished. A messed up home in this specific circumstance, is one that isn't fundamentally unblemished, because of separation, detachment, passing of one parent and wrongness. As per Frazer (2001), mental home conditions emerge mostly from wrongness of youngsters, the name of embraced kid, broken home, separate and parental hardship. Such irregular states of the house, are probably going to detrimentally affect school execution of the youngster he affirms. Life, in a solitary parent family or broken home can be distressing for both the kid and the parent. Such families are confronted with difficulties of lacking budgetary assets (youngsters barrier support, 1994). Schultz (2006) noticed that if youths from temperamental homes are to be contrasted and those from stable homes, it would be seen that the previous have progressively social, scholastic and enthusiastic issues. Scales and Roehlkepartain (2003), are of the assessment that the family and its structure assume an extraordinary job in children’s scholastic execution. Levin (2001), likewise expresses that guardians are most likely the on-screen characters with the most clear undimentional enthusiasm for an elevated level of their children’s scholarly execution. Somewhat, there is straightforward proof to show that conjugal flimsiness achieves pressure, strain, absence of inspiration and dissatisfaction. Clearly, these signs demonstration contrarily on a child’s scholastic execution. Johnson (2005) declares that offspring of unmarried guardians/isolated families frequently come up short and are in danger inwardly. Be that as it may, this may not be totally appropriate in all occasions of broken homes. A few youngsters independent of home foundation or structure may try sincerely and get effective throughout everyday life. Additionally, Ayodele (2006) expressed that theâ environment where a youngster gets himself/herself goes far in deciding his learning capacity and at last his scholarly exhibition. It is qualified to take note of that larger part of secondary school understudies in the nation who got poor or bombing grades in their scholastic subjects originated from broken homes. Some of them as we saw were having poor scholastic execution as well as rather they let themselves be held at their year level in the wake of dropping-out their individual subjects. It is convenient to recognize or to decide whether understudies in secondary school who originated from broken homes are incredibly influenced in their scholarly classes. Troublesome beginning: Children raised by a solitary parent are bound to endure trouble. The exploration adds to an abundance of information that shows youngsters experience the ill effects of separation or parental separation, and that those raised by a solitary parent are bound to do severely at school, endure unexpected weakness, and fall into wrongdoing, habit and neediness as grown-ups. The report, supported by the Department of Health and distributed by the Office for National Statistics, researched passionate scatters †positioned as those which cause extensive pain and impedance with the manner by which kids perform at school and during play. It likewise saw lead issue which bring about forceful, savage or hostile to social conduct. The scientists concentrated about 8,000 youngsters matured somewhere in the range of five and 16 out of 2004 and discovered right around one of every ten had disarranges. The kids were checked again a year ago. The report said that a kid whose guardians had part during this time was more than four and a half times bound to have built up an enthusiastic issue than one whose guardians remained together. They were almost multiple times bound to show a direct issue. Eleven percent of those kids whose families separated had enthusiastic disarranges, against 3 percent among those whose families were still attached. Almost 33% of youngsters found to have mental disarranges in 2004 despite everything experienced them three years after the fact. The Department of Health stated: ‘The Government is focused on helping kids and youngsters encountering emotional wellness problems.’ ‘Broken families and sequential dads produce homes brimming with strife and turmoil and they are horrendous for children.’ Llano High School as one of the state funded schools in Caloocan City is where numerous understudies are results of broken homes. Concerning what degree the impact of their family condition to their scholastic execution and what change systems they utilize is the reason of this investigation. Along these lines the analyst points that the aftereffect of this investigation may become reason for creating a direction program to advance better alteration systems for understudies from broken homes. Proclamation of the Problem This examination expects to decide the connection between's the scholarly presentation and modification techniques of understudies from broken homes in Llano High School, Division of City Schools, Caloocan City. In particular, it looks to respond to the accompanying inquiries: 1.What is the segment profile of the respondents regarding: 1.1gender, 1.2age 1.3size of the family 1.4guardian whom he/she remains with, and 1.5cause/s of parents’ partition? 2.To what degree do the understudy respondents experience challenges in the accompanying regions: 2.1academic execution, 2.2interpersonal relationship, 2.3socio-monetary status, and 2.4personality turn of events? 3.What alteration procedures do the respondents utilize in tending to the challenges they experience in the previously mentioned zones? 4.What is the degree of scholarly execution of the understudy respondents dependent on their past G.W.A.? 5.Is there a huge connection between the degree of scholarly execution and the distinguished change systems of the respondents? 6.What direction program might be proposed to advance better modification stra

Reflective Journal Designing Formats and Including Visuals Essay

Intelligent Journal Designing Formats and Including Visuals - Essay Example The updating of visual arrangements keeps the watchers occupied with it constantly. Facebook has aced the utilization of the three methods for request and influence, specifically, ethos, feeling and logos. Ethos which is to cause the client to feel affable is done using the like catch under every single post and status. Feeling is to convince by engaging the feelings of the peruser, which are again utilized by Facebook as individuals have their own ethnic, strict and passionate pages which they like dependent on their own advantages; this draws in them on their enthusiastic level also. Logos is said to convince the legitimate side of individuals, which is again an attribute of Facebook as individuals offer coherent expressions which are then preferred by individuals and shared (Fife, 2010). Visuals are critical to use in school papers as they can convey the specific mood of the understudies to the educators. Utilizing visuals expertly can help in giving out force direct introductions and reports all together toward clarify with exactness (Keenan and Shiri,

Guilt and Innocence in The Last Night of the World

In Ray Bradburys The Last Night of the World, a husband and wife realize that they and all the adults they know have been having identical dreams: that tonight will be the last night of the world. They find themselves surprisingly calm as they discuss why the world is ending, how they feel about it, and what they should do with their remaining time. The story was originally published in Esquire magazine in 1951 and is available for free on Esquires website. Acceptance The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and in the first months of the Korean War, in a climate of fear over ominous new threats like the hydrogen or atom bomb and germ warfare. So our characters are surprised to find that their end wont be as dramatic or violent as they have always expected. Rather, it will be more like the closing of a book, and things [will] stop here on Earth. Once the characters stop thinking about how the Earth will end, a sense of calm acceptance overtakes them. Though the husband concedes that the end sometimes frightens him, he also notes that sometimes he is more peaceful than frightened. His wife, too, notes that [y]ou dont get too excited when things are logical. Other people seem to be reacting the same way. For instance, the husband reports that when he informed his co-worker, Stan, that they had had the same dream, Stan didnt seem surprised. He relaxed, in fact. The calmness seems to come, in part, from a conviction that the outcome is inevitable. There is no use struggling against something that cant be changed. But it also comes from an awareness that no one will be exempted. Theyve all had the dream, they all know its true, and theyre all in this together. Like Always The story touches briefly on some of humanitys bellicose propensities, like the bombs and germ warfare mentioned above and the bombers on their course both ways across the ocean tonight thatll never see land again. The characters consider these weapons in an effort to answer the question, Do we deserve this? The husband reasons, We havent been too bad, have we? But the wife responds: No, nor enormously good. I suppose thats the trouble. We havent been very much of anything except us, while a big part of the world was busy being lots of quite awful things. Her comments seem particularly trenchant given that the story was written less than six years after the end of World War II. At a time when people were still reeling from the war and wondering if there was more they could have done, her words could be construed, in part, as a comment on concentration camps and other atrocities of the war. But the story makes clear that the end of the world isnt about guilt or innocence, deserving or not deserving. As the husband explains, things just didnt work out. Even when the wife says, Nothing else but this could have happened from the way weve lived, theres no feeling of regret or guilt. Theres no sense that people could have behaved any way other than the way they have. And in fact, the wifes turning off the faucet at the end of the story shows exactly how hard it is to change behavior. If youre someone looking for absolution -- which it seems reasonable to imagine our characters are -- the idea that things just didnt work out might be comforting. But if youre someone who believes in free will and personal responsibility, you might be troubled by the message here. The husband and wife take comfort in the fact that they and everyone else will spend their last evening more or less like any other evening. In other words, like always. The wife even says thats something to be proud of, and the husband concludes that behaving like always shows [w]ere not all bad. The things the husband will miss are his family and everyday pleasures like a glass of cool water. That is, his immediate world is whats important to him, and in his immediate world, he hasnt been too bad. To behave like always is to continue to take pleasure in that immediate world, and like everyone else, thats how they choose to spend their final night. There is some beauty in that, but ironically, behaving like always is also exactly what has kept humanity from being enormously good.

Real Word Negotiations - 1661 Words

Background With my wife, we decided in October to buy a (used) 2nd car for the family. She actually already owns a small 7 years old city-car, with an overall quite good condition both in terms of mechanic and automotive, but since she takes our children to school every day through some country roads, we just wanted to be reasonably confident that nothing could happen about the car engine. 1. Preparation of the negotiation We (my wife and I) started to prepare the negotiation from one main assumption: knowledge is truly power. Since normally in the car buying system the car salesman has the most information, we decided first of all to gather all the information we could in terms of price, facilities, characteristics etc. about†¦show more content†¦Eventually, we got to a final agreement, that was a price of 7,500 euros, or about -12% less the first offered price. I decided not to trade in my used car because it would have cost to me about 300 euros more than what agreed above (and, moreover, I already had a private potential acquirer for that). In addition, it cost to me less to fund the car by myself instead of getting to any dealer financing (moreover, this refusal didn’t get to any increase of the final agreed price). We shook our hands, with a final agreement that the contract would have been signed by my wife during the incoming week, because she would have appeared as the car’s owner. Unfortunately, when my wife went to sign the contract, the salesman stated that the car had been already sold to another customer, because his colleague had already promised it to him (and he was totally unaware of that). He tried to apologize with us offering another (quite identical) city car with an additional discount of 500 euros, but my wife and I decided to decline his offer because his totally unacceptable behavior. In fact, we strongly believe that he decided to sell the car to another person simply because the latter offered something more than what was agreed just few hours before. 3. Outcome of the negotiation Also if we didn’tShow MoreRelatedMy First Negotiation : The Cornerstone Of Successful Negotiation1604 Words   |  7 Pagesand I will help you once I will be done. What we did â€Å"negotiation† this is what we do on daily basis, numerous time we are negotiating and we don’t know. â€Å"Negotiation is a process by which we attempt to influence others to help us achieve our needs while at the same time taking their needs into account†. (Lewicki, Saunders, Minton). How we negotiate is really what we are, how much we are prepared and how well we use the knowledge on negotiations as required by the situations. The study/research, literatureRead MoreThe Self Appraisal Learning Summary1613 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Appraisal Learning Summary BUSI 2465 has been an interesting course. 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Pol 300 Assignment 1 the Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy

POL 300 Assignment 1: The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/pol-300-assignment-1-the-cold-war-and-u-s-diplomacy/ Assignment 1: The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Due Week 5 and worth 135 points Select a president from the table, â€Å"Presidents and Their ‘Doctrines,’† in Roskin, Chapter 4. Then write a 3-5 page paper on the doctrine that president used according to Roskin. Your research must include at least four (4) credible sources, apart from your textbook. Your paper must address the following: Summarize a situation that required U.S. diplomatic efforts during the president’s time in office. Explicate the diplomatic doctrine the president followed, with reference to specific actions or†¦show more content†¦and other countries. Weight: 20% Did not submit or incompletely described the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries. Insufficiently described the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries. Partially described the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries. Satisfactorily described the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries. Thoroughly described the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries. 4. Assess, in conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that was followed. Weight:Show MoreRelatedPol 300 Week 5 Assignment 1 New Strayer1086 Words   |  5 PagesPOL 300 WEEK 5 ASSIGNMENT 1 NEW STRAYER To purchase this visit following link http://www.activitymode.com/product/pol-300-week-5-assignment-1-new-strayer/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM POL 300 WEEK 5 ASSIGNMENT 1 NEW STRAYER POL/300 Assignment 1 – The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Select a president from the table, â€Å"Presidents and Their ‘ Doctrines,’† in Roskin, Chapter 4. Then write a 3-5 page paper on the doctrine that president used according to Roskin. Your research must includeRead MorePol 300 Assignment 2: Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy705 Words   |  3 PagesPOL 300 Assignment 2: Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/pol-300-assignment-2-current-events-and-u-s-diplomacy/ This paper will be a revised and expanded version of the first research paper. Based on your instructor’s feedback, you will first revise the first paper. Write three-to-four (3-4) new pages that address the following: Define presidential doctrine and summarize the regional or global events during the Cold War leading up to the formationRead MoreEssay on The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy1287 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 - The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy SHAMIKA WARD EMMANUEL OBUAH POL 300: Contemp Intl Problems May 31, 2013 The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy The Reagan Doctrine was the foreign policy in the United States, enacted by President Ronald Reagan. The doctrine was design to eradicate the communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were authorized and corroborated by the Soviet Union. This assignment will review by what method the United States delivered open andRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesï » ¿TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR NSL READING CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional ModesRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesRobert D. Library and information center management / Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran. — 7th ed. p. cm. — (Library and information science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–1–59158–408–7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978–1–59158–406–3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Library administration—United States. 2. Information services— United States—Management. I. Moran, Barbara B. II. Title. Z678.S799 2007 025.1—dc22 2007007922 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available

Australian Constitution Governance and Citizenship in Australia

Question: How is this possible given that the Australian Constitution has changed little over the past century? Answer: Introduction The country of Australia is fourth among the countries which have very old federation. Australia comes after United States whose federal structure is since 1789, Switzerland whose structure is existing since 1848 and Canada whose structure is existing since 1867. The federal structures of these constitutions have not changed since its composition. It has been over a century that the Australian Constitution has been established and under formal terms not many modifications have been made by the governments (Fenna, 2012). However, the Australian federal systems did undergo a number of changes in the prevailing years. The most significant change that can be observed is the degree in which the Commonwealth Government has gradually taken a very dominant position in the Constitutional structure. Federalism in Australia in 1901 After the Henry Parkes' Tenterfield Oration in the year 1889, the colonies in Australia carried out a number of constitutional conventions throughout the time period of 1890s. These constitutionals conventions were put together in a draft Constitution that was given for majority votes in each of the colonies and finally the electors approved of a final round of changes to meet the high threshold of support as required in the state of New South Wales (Appleby, Aroney and John, 2012). In the year 1900 the Imperial Parliament in Britain passed the law as the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900. The federation was observed to proceed in a very aimless manner that reflected the lack of any compelling urgency. The colonies attempted to remove the tariff barriers in inter-colonial trade and commerce. These had strategic presence and access to investment capital at lower rates (Selway and Williams, 2005). Structure of the Australian Constitution With regard to the federal structure of the Australian Constitution it can be observed that the model structure is very similar to the American Constitution (Selway and Williams, 2005). For instance the enumeration of the powers of the Parliament under section 51, the states being a broad residual power given under section 108, the supremacy clause given under section 109, the presence of a strong bicameral structure with the senate where the states represented disregard of any disparities in the population of the state as given under section 7, the division of senators into various cohorts for electoral cycles as given under section 13, the establishment of Supreme Court, the High Court with the power to declare any action of the governments unconstitutional as has been given under the section 71 and the two step amending procedure given under section 128 (Galligan and Wright, 2002). Reforms in the federal structure in the contemporary times The federal system of government in Australia has been undergoing a lot of crucial changes. With the recent changes relating to globalization and new methods of governance the questions relating to the existing three tier system of federal structure and how it can adapt the requirements of the integrated economy and also at the main time serve the needs of the variety of communities which is spread over the entire continent. In the 1940s, the federal governments used the power of the constitution regarding taxation to take de facto control over many of the policies through financial inducement and pressure. In 1999 the Goods Services Tax (GST) was established that was collected by the federal government. This was considered to be stealth missile with respect to the state governments. Again during the 1920s-1930s and again in the 1990s, the collaborate standardization of the laws were done by the federal and the state governments (Miragliotta, 2012). However, the process was ad-hoc and the mechanisms of Australia remained comparatively very weak and informal throughout. COAG and its reform agendas The Council of the Australian Governments (COAG) is the head of the intergovernmental forum in the country. The COAG comprises of the Prime Minister, State and Territory Premiers and Chief Ministers and the President of the Australian Local Government Association (ALGA) where the chairperson is the Prime Minister. The primary role of the Council of the Australian Governments (COAG) is the promotion of those policy reforms that are of national importance or those reforms that need a co-ordinated action by all the governments of Australia. The meetings of the COAG are according to the requirements generally once or twice a year. However at times they may also meet for four times in a year (Selway and Williams, 2005). One of the primary achievements of the Council of the Australian Governments (COAG) was the reform agenda that was developed by the Intergovernmental Agreement on Federal Financial Relations (IGAFFR). This reform agenda started from January 2009. This Intergovernmental Agreement on Federal Financial Relations mainly aimed in enhancing the collaborating federalism. This federalism reduced the earlier intricacies relating to the financial relations of the Commonwealth with that if the states and territories. It also aimed at the promotion of more flexibility in the service delivery and also enhances the accountability to achieve the outcomes. In order to figure out the reform objectives in the year 2011 the Council of the Australian Governments introduced five themes of strategic significance. These themes are related to the intersection of the jurisdictional responsibilities (Miragliotta, 2012). These responsibilities include the long term strategies relating to economic and social participation, secondly the national economy relating to the competitive advantages, thirdly, reforms for a more lively and sustainable environment in Australia, fourthly advanced and suitable health services for all the citizens of Australia and finally bridging the gap between the indigenous tribes of Australia (Appleby, Aroney and John, 2012). Impact of the High Court on the Federalism Since the federal structure of the country has been created in the 1901 number of rulings of the High Court have gradually strengthened the law making power of the federal government. According to section 71 of the Constitution of Australia, the High Court has the power to resolve the resolve any disagreements rising between the federal and state governments regarding any law making powers (Fenna, 2012). In case of any challenge regarding any law, the dispute is taken to the High Court for determining whether the Constitution has relevant power to make such laws. If the High Court considers the law to be unconstitutional then that particular law will be considered invalid. Generally the state relies on the federal government to fund a number of activities such as the schools and hospitals but now the federal and state balance has also shifted. A very essential part of the total revenue is made up of the federal funds. According to section 96 of the Australian Constitution the federal government has the power to grant financial support to the states in accordance to appropriate conditions that the federal structure deems fit. They generally give tied grants to the state governments which direct the state to how the money should be spent (Fenna, 2012). The federal government further influences the different manners in which the areas relating to education, housing, health, and urban development are to be dealt with. In order to illustrate the role of the High Court is modifying the Australian federalism in the last few decades it is essential that some of the important cases are discussed. To begin with the Tasmanian Dam case of 1983 (Tasmania v Commonwealth, [1983]) is primarily considered (Miragliotta, 2012). In his particular case an attempt was made by the then ruling power the Hawke Labor government to restrict the State Liberal government from the construction of a dam on the Gordon river that is situated in the southwestern side of Tasmania to generate hydro-electric power (Tasmania v Commonwealth, [1983]). The legislation on this was highly criticized and challenged by the state government of Tasmania as well as the governments of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. The challenge was made on the ground that according to the Constitution federal government does not have the power to intervene in such matters (Galligan and Wright, 2002). However, when the case came up to the High Court the Court held that the legislation was valid in accordance to the external affairs and the corporation powers of the Commonwealth. This decision of the High Court was considered by most commentators to be a setback for the federalism in Australia. It was also a failure of the High Court as it fai led to maintain appropriate balance between the state and federal structure of the country. Another case may be mentioned in this regard where the High Court gave a reverse decision in a conflict between the federal and state government. In the recent case relating to Work Choices the facts were that the Workplace Relations Amendment (Work Choices) Act 2005 was substituted with the contemporary system of compulsory industrial arbitration that contains a national scheme based on the individual workplace agreements (Fenna, 2012). This entire system was basically according to the economical and liberal outlook of the Coalition Federal government (Work Choices, [2006]). This legislation was later challenged by quite a few state labor governments and according to them it was not within the powers of the Commonwealth and also because the law attempted to implement an individual work place agreement that was unacceptable by most state governments. When the case was brought forward to the High Court the Court upheld the previous decision of 2006 and again the court was criticized f or putting an end to federalism in the country. As a result of the decision of the Work Choice case, now the Commonwealth has far more capacity to regulate the different areas of individual activity than that was even expected by those people who had framed and ratified the Constitution (Work Choices, [2006]). These powers are considered by most to be far beyond the powers and scope that was initially given by the Constitution. However, it should be noted that the importance of the Work Choices case is not in the result of the case but in the fact that the High Court got an opportunity to reconsider the whole approach relating to the legislative powers of the Commonwealth as has been given under the Constitution of Australia (Work Choices, [2006]). After the decision in the Engineers case (Engineers, [1920]), it was first that these issues were raised and the High Court was given a chance to consider whether the previously preserved old doctrines can survive in the court jurisprudence. Further in another case known commonly as the State Banking Case (State Banking Case, [1947]), the High Court held that the reserved power doctrines that is related to those fields of power that is reserved for the states only and the limitation and scope of this power helps to understand the power that is conferred upon the Commonwealth. However, even then it is seen that the reserve power doctrine is not logical in the full sense. Conclusion The Australian Constitution that was envisaged in the year 1901 is hence quite different from the exact manner in which it was prepared. The above high court decisions along with a few others imply that these changes were brought about due to the gradual changes in the outlook and thinking of the people. Therefore even though the Australian Constitution was changed over the last few years due to the fact that a number of reforms took place in contemporary times, the structure of federalism also went through a lot of modifications. As a result the federalism that was envisaged in the year 1901 is quite different from what it is in present times. However it should also be noted that the existence of uncertainties and discrepancies in the federal systems is quite normal and most of the developed countries such as that of Canada and the United States of America have also witnessed such changes. Australia is no different in this sphere and such changes in federal structure are made keeping in mind the changing societal norms. References Appleby, G., Aroney, N. and John, T. (2012).The future of Australian federalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Engineers[1920]CLR 28, p.129. Fenna, A. (2012). Centralising Dynamics in Australian Federalism.Australian Journal of Politics History, 58(4), pp.580-590. Galligan, B. and Wright, J. (2002). Australian Federalism: A Prospective Assessment.Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 32(2), pp.147-166. Miragliotta, N. (2012). Federalism, Party Organization and the Australian Greens.Australian Journal of Politics History, 58(1), pp.97-111. Selway, B. and Williams, J. (2005). The High Court and Australian Federalism.Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 35(3), pp.467-488. State Banking Case[1947]CLR 74, p.31. Tasmania v Commonwealth[1983]CLR 158, p.1. Work Choices[2006]CLR 229, p.1.