Technology in Healthcare: Good or Bad

lI believe that technology is both good and bad in the healthcare field. With technology constantly changing, there is no end to what we can do. Technology allows us to use computers or computerized systems to collect, process, and store pertinent data. It also allows up to progress to the future with the machines we use in the healthcare field. Some of the upsides are better record keeping, data analysis, and convenient documentation which can provide more prompt medical billing. Patient security and safety is a concern with all advances in technology.After all, without the patients, what business would the healthcare field have? Technology via machines that are used are constantly progressing. These can be very good in the development of better machines to help to aide patients in better treatment and less lengthy hospital stays. There are downsides to technology in healthcare though. Let’s think for a minute. What causes errors in healthcare technology? Human error. This ca n be via inadequately trained, inexperienced, tired, or even cases where people don’t admit they made a mistake.How about faulty equipment or programming? If a machine or program is not running properly then it isn’t going to give the right results. One thing for sure is that there has to be constant monitoring and troubleshooting to maintain a safe environment for both the patient, the hospital or facility, and also for the companies who make the products we use in the technological aspect of healthcare. With technology being a definite for the future, I think it’s just a wait and see thing as to whether it ends up being better or worse.

How Democratic is Britain? Essay

In this essay I will be looking at the democracy in Britain, but firstly I would like to be sure that it is clear what democracy means. Democracy is when there’s a system of government, whose representatives have been elected by the population. This means that the society is able to choose themselves, they have freedom of speech and views. The opposite of this is Dictatorship, this is when a ruler has total power over a country, a person who tells people what to do in an autocratic way or who determines behaviour in a particular area. Politics is concerned with power differences at every levelling society its about negotiation and decision making within individuals at a personal level, groups at a personal level and groups at a national level. This topic is a topic that many sociologist are interested in, they want to find out how democratic Britain is because everything sociologists study are linked to each other and this topic is linked to equality in society. Sociologist want to know if our society is as equal as it’s said to be, but we all know that in our society there isn’t total equality. One of the important principles of democracy is that we are able to participate in the political process in order to make our views known. We do this by voting, joining a political party and writing to the press or our M.P.’s. We have a Parliamentary democracy, this means that there’s a system where leaders are selected to represent the people through elections. These are the Members of Parliament (M.P.) who are elected. The British system has a number of fixed posts, these posts holders are the civil servants, the lords and the judges. These are the three main institutions of the state and the most powerful groups in society. The role of the state is to act as an umpire or referee rather than side with one party over another. The problem with this is that most of the people who work for the state are middle and upper class and all seem to share the same views about the way society should be run. This means that not all views are being represented their views are elitism. Due to this critics argue that Britain is not democratic because we have an unelected House of Lords and a Hereditary Monarchy. In this system there are three types of power and three types of authority that Max Weber drew out, Economic power, Physical power and Non-co-operative power, Traditional authority, Charismatic authority and Legal authority. Economic power is when money has lead someone to power, it can reach to the point were there’s exploitation. Physical power is taken over someone using physical force over someone more vulnerable to them. Non-co-operative power is when someone refuses to follow what the person in power order therefore the one who refuses will become empowered themselves. Traditional authority is when it is accepted because it’s always been done that certain way, it’s traditional within the culture. Charismatic authority is when a person has something special about them in their personality that the public is drawn to. Legal authority is accepted because it is the law, you can be sent to prison for disobeying the law. There are three factors about the state that seem to support Marx’s view, they are: 1. most Mp’s are white. 2. most of them are from the middle class and 3. most of them are men. Due to this many groups are no longer voting because they feel their views are not represented or they feel that there is racism, sexism and bias within the political system. The pluralists argue that the states approach is towards everyone in society. Including the different ethnic groups, all ages, all genders and all other groups that exist in society. Political power is spread a spread among these groups. Unlike the conflict who argue that the state’s approach is towards those who have had a privileged education and background. Thos who are in the senior possessions such as the judiciary. They believe that the policies benefit the bourgeoisie and ruling class. For this reason is why pressure groups have a very important role in maintaining democracy in Britain. Pluralists have a positive role of them. They help politicians keep in touch with the wishes of the public. They provide the government with the expert information. There are links between our voting behaviour and our social class, ethnicity, age and gender. People vote for the party that the best represents their views or interests, these views and interests are brought to us by the way we are socialised. We get these views and interests through the way we are socialised, we get influenced through our families, our peer groups and the media influence our political views and attitudes on politics. I feel that the media is the main influence in our political socialisation in the media because it influences our lives in everything. The media often use â€Å"Spin† and â€Å"Spin Doctors† they use these in campaigns to persuade us to vote a particular way. â€Å"Spin† and â€Å"Spin Doctors† are use to either catch out the opponent by using images or interviews were they look as if they were going against what they said they would do in their manifesto, for example printing a certain phrase they said out of context so they look bad. If they are unable to do this they might make up things up about them and use it to get the public to vote for them. These techniques are a type of propaganda because they want you to believe something that is not exactly true but as long as they look like the good ones it doesn’t matter. I have come to my conclusion of this essay, I believe that Britain is democratic because we get to vote in the Members of Parliament who are there to represent us. But there is a minority of people who have an incredible power within our government who make Britain and undemocratic country because it’s up to them to pass a law or any other decisions. This wouldn’t be a problem if they thought the way the nation do but their backgrounds have a great influences in the way they think and their thoughts are very different to ours. I don’t agree with the present parliamentary system because those who are involved in the system are elite, I think that if they wanted a true democratic Britain they would bring in a new system to vote in who we want to be at the top deciding what the right thing would be for our society, including the royal monarchy.

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay Popular culture is no longer regional. The advent of cable television, syndicated radio programs, and the Internet has created a world where a fashion statement in New York will be on the streets in a small mid-western town in a matter days. The speed of our telecommunication system has increased young customers’ expectations and demands for products that represent their own cultural statement. This clothing store business plan details how Smoke Jumpers will offer young customers the youth-oriented products and clothing that are popular in large urban areas but not available locally. The target customer is â€Å"Generation Y,† age 11-18, who listens to alternative music, participates in youth sports like skateboarding and snowboarding, and looks toward alternative clothing trends in large urban areas for inspiration. Smoke Jumpers will provide the distinctive clothing, shoes and products that are just ahead of the fashion curve. Introduction Good times for the Indian k ids’ apparel market are in the offing. The evolution in the buying behavior of children, and their influence over their parents results in a big difference in purchase decisions. Media exposures and promotions also cause a significant influence in the market. Evolving dynamics in this market have made it necessary for the manufacturers and retailers to evolve their business strategies’ in order to sustain themselves in the market. Many manufacturers come up with their own brands, while some others enter into business through joint ventures. Today’s kids are more fashion conscious, and are ready to experiment with clothing. Increase in the amount of disposable income, and retail blitz has brought a sea change in the Indian kids apparel market. With kidswear being considered as a part of the lifestyle segment and a strong emphasis is being placed on brands, this segment proves to be a potential business Objective of Feasibility study Products SmokeJumpers will off er young customers the following youth-oriented products and clothing: Shoes Jackets Sweaters Shirts Pants Bags Hats T-shirts Dresses and skirts Shorts Kids Wear Industry/Market Analysis Market for kids’ apparel is the fastest growing industry in India. Manufacturers are coming up with fancy materials targeting kids who are more interested in the upcoming fashion trends. Children’s garments are available in various forms and designs. Kids’ apparel market is more unorganized than any other segment of apparels. The market is a proposition of the good, bad and the ugly. A huge volume of kids’ apparel in India is being dominated by local and unorganized players. This gives an excellent opportunity for the organized players to lay a strong foundation in this segment. Indian market is now moving towards an international look in terms of children’s apparel. Cotton plays a major role in the clothing of children. Approximately, 86% of the kidswear are of co tton. Branded kids apparel market is in its nascent stage in India with a handful of national and international brands. Industry analyst estimate that market size of branded kidswear in India including brands like Ruff Kids, Ruff Baby, Planet Kids, Gini & Jony, ZAPP, Li’l Tomatoes, and Weekender Kids is estimated to be around Rs 1,000 Crore. They positively assert that branded market for kids is growing at 15% per annum. International brands including Barbie, Mothercare, Benetton Kids, Pepe, Lee Kids, Tommy Hilfiger, and Adams Kids have also entered the Indian market.

On an individual basis critically analyse the CSR strategy of Disney Assignment

On an individual basis critically analyse the CSR strategy of Disney drawing upon Husted and Allens 7-step corporate social strategy framework - Assignment Example It will also help them to design the implementation plan of the strategy. Corporate social responsibility is the initiative taken by any organisation to assess various social and environmental issues and actively participating in the betterment of the society. 7 steps of well designed strategic plan have been introduced by Husted and Allen for the proper implementation of corporate social strategy (Husted and Allen, 2010). The 7 step framework of Husted and Allen has been used to design the implementation plan of corporate social strategy of Disney. The CSR of Disney includes activities such as healthy cleaning, recycling of waste materials, providing nutrition guidelines and online safety for kids (Hopkins, 2012). Women economic empowerment is a factor that can be considered by Disney to expand their existing range of CSR activity. Economic condition of women is miserable in various parts of African and Asian countries. The locations of Disney in those countries can help them to resolve this issue. Large companies like Wal-Mart and Coca-Cola are already involved in various operations to enhance the economical position of women in the society. Government of those countries are attracting more investment from top corporate towards the solution of unemployment and poverty (Lownes-Jackson and Guy, 2012). Disney can conduct training facility for the women under poverty level of these countries to enhance their working skills. Offering employment to these women can improve the economical status of these countries. Disney needs to analyse their available resources and the capabilities of the organisation before creating any plan. The major resources of any organisation are their financial resources and physical assets. Walt Disney holds a large number of consumer franchises that caters from soft toys selling to theme parks which are established in various parts of Africa and Asia. They have

Engineering Management Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Engineering Management Project - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the mission statement would be to continuously progression through dedication and innovation to the achievement of excellence. The second coffee is committed to delivering the best coffee experience. Based on these vision and mission statement the possibilities of success of the coffee are high. This paper declares that post establishment success would be governed by the way the coffee shop management is involved in the decision making. Decision making is very essential as a wrong decision would result in a poor reflection of the coffee shop management. The success of the decision-making process would be governed by a proper decision-making process. The decision-making process would first begin by identifying the underlying problem. For instance, the coffee shop may be faced with a problem of retaining its customers. Therefore, a decision would require to be made to correct this problem. Vital to note is that decisions are not made randomly, they occur as a result of trying to address a particular problem. Once such a problem is identified the management would, therefore, be required to gather information. Information gathering may be through the use of questionnaires and interview process. The Delphi technique is a method that would be recommended in the coffees shop in the gathering of information from respondents in the field of expertise. This technique is used as a group communication whereby the parties try to get convergence in their opinions regarding a real world problem and issue.

Politics Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics Issues - Assignment Example According to Francis Fukuyama the philosopher, political economist, and author, the arrival of the western liberal democracy may indicate demolishing of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final structure of the human regime. The explanations of arguments in favor of his statement are: According to Francis Fukuyama the philosopher, political economist, and author, the arrival of the western liberal democracy may indicate demolishing of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final structure of the human regime. The explanations of arguments in favor of his statement are:ïÆ'Ëœ Political Argument – Wars and conflicts between nations arise out of in different political systems. As additional numbers of the country accept liberal democracy as their main structure of government, wars among them will no longer take place.  Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Empirical argument – There has been a shift for the States in the beginning of the 19th century which was meant to accept a few type of liberal democracy to be its government, better explained as the government that has individual rights like the right to free speech much better to the rights of the state.  Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Philosophical argument –Fukuyama observes the power of thymos or human spiritedness. He argues that democracy hampers behaviors which are risky. Progressive balanced thought illustrates that the responsibility of master and slave are indecisive and self-defeating and hence not accepted by lofty spirits.  Democracy Signaled the â€Å"End of History†According to the Social scientist, Francis Fukuyama democracy signaled the â€Å"end of history† due to the failure of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and realism triumph of liberal democracy above all other outlines of political ideology (Blunden, â€Å"The End of History and the Last Man†).  

History of Greenpeace Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Greenpeace Organization - Essay Example The campaigns to address these fundamental issues has garnered the organization its fair share of victories that is both incessant and remarkable considering the adversity of almost a David and Goliath proportion. Throughout the years, Greenpeace has continually fostered its rapport for trustworthiness and consistence. It has sprouted out from the plan of co-founder Irving Stowe to sail to the Arctic Ocean to protest a nuclear bomb testing. Dubbed the Greenpeace trip, 16,000 people gathered in a benefit concert to support the cause which ignited the continuing legacy of the project. The actions of the group can be described through their peaceful and inventive ways to voice out the concerns of many individuals for the benefit of all human beings. Since then, the revolution that was started by one campaign has materialized into a plethora that has spread across continents. Greenpeace International provides for the linkages among national or regional offices that are most visible in th e local level fortified by the help and support of its international counterpart. There are five core values upheld by the organization that is composed of bearing witness, nonviolence, independence, has no permanent friends or foes and promoting solutions. Being established by Quakers, hippies and other groups as acknowledged by Greenpeace itself, the need to be on the site of environmental destruction first hand is incorporated as there is no place far enough for them to reach and no amount of time long enough to make them leave. The passive and non-aggressive stance is another attribute that they are known for. The demonstrations are usually unconventional but they are never violent. They credit this as the main reason why the group had always been accorded a great amount of respect even among the governments and companies that they fight against including the trust of the general public. The indispensability of financial independence is crucial in the impartiality of any organiz ation. This is why Greenpeace has taken measures to ensure that there is no interest, whether political or economic, that would sway them from their mission by declining any contribution from such. They sustain trough personal contributions and grants from foundations. The possibility of any amicable settlement is not at a lost and this is even more imperative in a way that conjuring up solutions through peaceful settlements can be reached for the benefit of all those involved. Another noteworthy aspect of the Greenpeace projects is the inclusion of scientific studies and other works that are incorporated into the general solution process of all their advocacies. Greenpeace and Climate Change The most pressing and perhaps the primary crusade in the activities of Greenpeace is its battle against climate change. This is focused on energy [r]evolution, oil, cool IT, quit coal, climate impacts, arctic and solutions. All of these are parallel to each other and that the battle for one is not mutually exclusive of the other. In fact, they are all correlated in the effect that the campaign against climate change should inevitably need the concurrence of all. The organization is constantly updating its various national and regional branches on the campaigns that each of them are faced with. In the same way that many scholars coordinate with them to provide for updates on the latest studies that augment the level of awareness of people and how this helps in the campaigns against climate c

About new trends in media planning- the growing importance of digital Article

About new trends in media planning- the growing importance of digital - Article Example For instance, before, the company could only focus on a particular market segment. This means that the advert was supposed to be big and broad in order to evoke a particular amount of purchasing power. Therefore, the venture was expensive. However, with digital advertising, the organization is able to appeal to a huge target market and at a low price. The platforms used in digital advertising allow the organization to have real-time interaction with their customers thus, enhancing their services to suit their clients’ needs (Schultz n.pg). General Mills targeting strategies used with Cheerios was to discuss it nutritional value with people from different demographics. This strategy can also be applied to Yoplait. Yoplait is a yogurt brand could be marketed by discussing its different flavors and nutrition value to the target markets. It contains calcium which is good for strong bones and it has no artificial additives (Schultz n.pg). General Mills is using â€Å"Tablespoon† to post amazing brand content that are appealing to millennials. Millennials are people that are more interested in trending brands and that are how the company is capturing them. By advertising new, trending and attractive â€Å"Tablespoon† is able to add value to the brand by creating an engagement with possible consumers (Schultz

Nokia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nokia - Term Paper Example The complacency or lack of proactive action by Nokia is in line with the psychic prison metaphor. â€Å"This metaphor joins the idea that organizations are ultimately created and sustained by conscious and unconscious processes, with the notion that people can actually become imprisoned in the images, ideas, thoughts, and actions to which these processes give rise.† (Morgan 207). These aspects of self-limitations could develop in an employee, then in a team and could occur in an entire organization, causing negative impacts like non-growth and further slide. After reaching the top, Nokia from its top management to the lower-level employees allowed this psychic prison factor to creep in, thereby forming a false sense of security. Nokia not only avoided improving its existing strategies but also avoided carrying out key innovations particularly in the aspect of its operating system, thus allowing its competitors to leapfrog over it. Thus, the psychic prison factor made Nokiaâ₠¬â„¢s growth a stagnant one, and in course of time caused a downslide. As its market share continued to slide, Nokia decided to come up with strategic changes to avert the slide and emerge successful. In that direction, Nokia found that it’s Operating System (OS), Symbian was not able to compete with newer and more advanced OSs like iOS and Android, thus contributing sizably to the slide in Nokia’s Market Share. This perspective was validated by Gartner analyst Nick Jones, who stated, â€Å"Market share is an existential threat to Symbian, it imperils the very existence of the platform, and the main reason Symbian is losing share is the user experience, which isn’t competitive with Apple or Android.† (Chen). Key issue or issues to be investigated Due to this understanding, Nokia went in search of other OSs, which can be incorporated into its devices. After doing in-depth study, Nokia and in particular its recently appointed CEO, Stephen Elop, who is actua lly a former head of Microsoft business division, decided to form a strategic alliance with Microsoft in early 2011, thereby replacing not only Symbian but also MeeGo with Microsoft's Windows Phone operating systems particularly with Windows Phone 8. Although, Nokia decided to run its low-to-mid end mobile devices on Symbian and MeeGo, majority of its devices especially Smart Phones were planned to be migrated to Windows OS. After being attached with Symbian OS for many years, this decision to incorporate Windows OS is not an easy process to adopt and implement, as it involves sizable changes to the whole organization including its different departments. Any change in strategy will have to be accompanied by a sizable amount of change within the organizational structure. This need to actualize changes in various departments is line with the metaphor of Flux and transformation. This metaphor focuses on how entities including organizational bodies will be in a constant state of change, based on the changes that are happening in their external and internal environment. â€Å"Everything flows and nothing abides; everything gives way and nothing stays fixed.† (Morgan 241). If the organization maintains a rigid stance, without changing and flowing with the flow, then it will stagnate. Only if the organization in line with Flux and Transformation updates its organizational processes, filtering out failing processes and

The Person I Want to Be Essay Example for Free

The Person I Want to Be Essay According to Artistotle, the virtuous person is one who finds a suitable balance among their many desires and passions. Finding that happy medium is a goal I wish to accomplish through careful thought and consideration of my personal desires. I have set the primary goal of having a successful career, with a latter goal of having the ideal work- life balance when I begin a family. Referring back to Aristotle, I want to determine how to proportion my desires to find eudaimonia. At this stage in my life, my primary goal is to have a successful career. Having the desire to succeed can be fueled by the virtue of motivation. I believe I am currently embracing the happy medium, for I am very driven to do my best but not to the point of it interfering with my personal life and other hobbies. One main step in embracing motivation is to have your goal clear in your mind. I always imagine a concrete image of where I am trying to get and what the road that will get me there looks like. It’s important also to understand beforehand the potential roadblocks that can deter you from reaching your goal, and to predetermine the route that will be taken to avoid or overcome them. Another important virtue to foster in having a successful career is modesty. I take a lot of pride in my work but often find myself comparing scores with peers and feeling a sense of satisfaction when I score higher. I know that I’m leaning towards the vice of excess by being boastful at times, which is why modesty is one of the virtues I want to work on balancing as I continue my college career and my professional growth. In an accounting firm, the goal is to succeed as one and to grow as a team rather than an individual. Maintaining a strong sense of modesty is a goal I am aiming to achieve because I too often find myself concerned with how I compare to others, and I would rather support the success of everyone. Confidence and commitment are two virtues that are cornerstone to accomplishing the goals I have set for myself. My standards are high and my goals may seem far- fetched to some, but through perseverance and commitment I know that they are achievable. In my academic career, I have set the goal to be on the Dean’s List each semester until I graduate. In addition to excellent grades, I am determined to have a winter 2014 accounting internship with a well-respected firm. The opportunity to get an internship does not come easily; the interviews are challenging and the competition is fierce. Confidence is the virtue that can help me best achieve my goal because I know that in order for the firm to think I’m the best candidate, I have to feel as if I’m the best candidate. Confidence is a virtue that will follow me throughout my life, and is a key ingredient to the recipe for happiness. Having a solid work- life balance is an important aspect to keep in mind. Although I have a relentless drive to succeed academically and professionally, it is not my only desire. In the future, I hope to be a loving wife and mother to a wonderful family. Several characteristics that are most important to have when being a part of a family are honesty, trust, patience, and love. I know that if I make decisions with those characteristics in mind, I will be making decisions with the heart rather than the mind. In my personal life, letting my heart make the decisions is always the best course of action that leads to the utmost happiness. Keeping business and pleasure apart from one another is an integral way to keep a suitable work- life balance. The ideally concocted recipe for happiness would result in the harmony of an accomplished career and the balance of a family. The virtues I hope to strengthen and maintain culminate to create the perfect recipe for happiness. Without any one ingredient, the recipe will not turn out as planned. Adding too much or too little of one ingredient will also lead the recipe to fail. I have laid out all the ingredients I plan to use to create my ideal recipe for happiness, my next step and challenge is to decide the proportions I want to add to my mixing bowl called life.

Managing Multi-Agency Working in Elderly Care

Managing Multi-Agency Working in Elderly Care Managing Collaboration Multi-Agency Working for older people’s services Executive summary and introduction Collaboration in the field of both welfare and healthcare, on one level, can be expedient, efficient and economical. On another, more practical level, it can be a minefield of legislative, practical and interpersonal difficulties. (Arblaster. L. et al 1998) This report will consider these aspects in direct consideration of collaboration of the various aspects of care related to the elderly. It has to be viewed as being within the spirit and the legislative restriction of the NHS Plan (DOH 2000) and therefore considers the methods of collaboration with the PCTs in some detail, and also in the spirit and legislative requirements of the National Service Framework for the elderly. (Rouse et al 2001) What is collaboration between organisations? The transition from the concept â€Å"Empire† culture to the â€Å"Seamless interfaceâ€Å" culture is effectively based on the concept of practical and effective collaboration. (Powell, J. Lovelock, R. 1996) The changes that were proposed in a number of recent pieces of welfare based legislation (after the 1993 changes in the community care organisation and the National Service Frameworks to quote just two), have all espoused collaboration as their raison d’à ªtre. Clearly, in consideration of the elderly, there are numerous organisations that can potentially collaborate (Appendix Two), and all have their strengths, weaknesses and pitfalls. Let us examine one important area as an illustration. If we consider the welfare/health service interface. Primary healthcare teams control access to secondary and community health services through patient referrals. Social Services equally manage funding for home care and residential services including nursing home facilities and control access through assessment and care management. (Glendenning C et al 1998). When it is the case that, in terms of professional organisations, one depends upon another for access to services, their ability to obtain their own organisational or professional objectives can be severely compromised. (Haralambos M et al 2000). In practical terms, the GP is dependent on the social services to fund the appropriate facility whether it is a nursing home, domicillary enhancement services to keep a patient out of an acute medical hospital bed, or other forms of social support to facilitate the timely discharge of a patient from hospital. The arguments for collaboration are so overwhelmingly obvious that they hardly need repeating here. In real terms, the consideration of collaboration between organisations more analytically hinges on the question, â€Å"which organisations?†. The example that we have given is a fairly common collaboration and is therefore enshrined in both common working practice and also with legislative and regulatory boundaries. The advent of the National Service Frameworks have helped promote commonly recognised goals and objectives across the health/welfare spectrum of care, although a number of financial issues and problems with the organisational culture interface can commonly difficulty in everyday practice (Wierzbicki Reynolds 2001). Other organisations have to liaise and collaborate with the Social Services Dept. such as local and national voluntary support groups and specialist interest support groups, (often disease process based,) and these generally have much looser procedural issues and practices which may need different considerations. We shall discuss these in greater depth elsewhere in this essay. What are the problems? Taking a broad overview of the scope and possible nature of collaborative enterprises. Problems can arise from a number of organisational areas. Financial considerations, especially financial accountability, cause problems when this eventuality has not specifically been legislated for. Appendix Three sets out many of the potential pitfalls in this area. We observe that the health based services are essentially free to the patient whereas Welfare is largely means tested and thereby rendered vulnerable to changes of political direction and pressure. (Audit commission 2004) Another major area of potential difficulty stems from the historical development of professional language, terminology and working practices that each collaboration can interface. Client, patient , in need, deserving, dependent – all are terms frequently used by various healthcare professionals, but with different interpretations and nuances of meaning. Collaboration will inevitably require a more exact and specific vocabulary to be evolved and agreed. (Garlick C 1996). Collaboration inevitably means information sharing. The â€Å"Empire† concepts and constructs take a long time to die and be eradicated, but the seamless interface can only realistically be expected to work if all available information is shared. This raises serious problems of confidentiality if information is expected to be shared between healthcare professionals and collaborating agencies from the voluntary sector for example. (Cameron,A et al 2000). What are the solutions? Management solutions can be both complex and difficult to introduce or impose. By virtue of the potentially disparate nature of the collaborative partnerships that we are considering, there is clearly no â€Å"one size fits all† solution. It is for this reason that general principles are more useful than specific suggestions. The management of change (and therefore the solutions) is perhaps the most fundamental element in the discussion. Visions, ideas and directions are of little value if they cannot be translated into reality. (Bennis et al 1999). We can turn to the writings of Marinker (1997) who points to the fact that systems change, and indeed change management itself, are responsive to the acceptance of a division between concordance and compliance. People generally respond better to suggestion, reason and coercion rather than imposition of regulations and arbitrary change. The models that rely on publication and dissemination of information are generally more likely to be well received and more fully implemented, particularly if it is peer driven. (Shortell SM et al 1998) This is perfectly illustrated by the Davidmann Report (Davidmann 1988) on the debacle of the introduction of the Griffiths Reforms in the 80s. (Griffiths Report 1983). His major findings were that the Reforms failed because changes were imposed rather than managed Collaborative solutions should only realistically be made after a careful consideration of the evidence base underpinning that proposed change. (Berwick D 2005). Modern management theory calls for appropriate evaluation of the need for collaborative proposals by considering the evidence base on which the situation could be improved, its implementation by making managers aware of the need for change and proactively encouraging them in the means of implementation, and then instituting a review process to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures when they have been in place. (Berwick D. 1996) (Appendix five) Models of Collaboration There are a great many models of professional collaboration cited in the literature. In order to make an illustrated analysis, we will return to the specific example of the Health/welfare interface to consider some of the models in that area. In general terms, all of the models follow the functional structure Plan, Implement and Review (expanded in Appendix Five). The Outreach (or Outposting) model appears to be a commonly adopted model (McNally D et al. 1996), whereby a social worker is attached to a primary healthcare team. In terms of our analytical assessment here we should note that such arrangements, if subjected to process evaluation, generally promote progression towards a seamless interface in areas such as: The sharing of information and in mutual understanding of the different professional roles, responsibilities, and organisational frameworks within which social and primary health services are delivered. It is also noted that such benefits are generally greater if the implementation of such models is preceded by exercises including team building or joint training exercises. (Pithouse A et al 1996) Other models include the Joint Needs Assessments model in which service commissioning between primary health and social services teams have a common assessment base (Wistow G et al. 1998). This does not appear to have been as successful as the outreach model, and has had a rather variable history (Booth T 1999). Collaboration here has involved a variable number of agencies but not always the primary healthcare teams. The new primary care groups will have a strategic role in the commissioning of a broad range of health and welfare services. All NHS organisations have a clear imposed duty of collaboration and partnership with the local authorities (NHSE 1997) Collaboration in the form of joint commissioning models have also been tried. They tend to fall into one of three patterns including Area or locality as basis for joint commissioning Joint commissioning at practice level Joint commissioning at patient level None have been in place for long enough for a realistic assessment of their relative strengths and weaknesses to be evaluated yet. (Glendenning C et al 1998) Models- Interprofessional/teams One of the more successful models of collaboration is that of the multidisciplinary pre-discharge assessment team which, when it works well, can be considered a model of good collaborative working (Richards et al 1998). This requires all of the elements referred to above to be successfully implemented and to be in place if the optimum result for the client is to be obtained. Such a model calls for professional integration and collaboration of the highest order if National Service Framework Standard Two is to be fully realised. The framework calls for all concerned professionals to: Ensure that older people are treated as individuals and that they receive appropriate and timely packages of care which meet their needs as individuals, regardless of health and social services boundaries. It is, in our estimation, the crossing of these boundaries that, perhaps, is the key to collaboration. Review Collaboration as a concept is comparatively easy to define. Any dictionary will give a reasonable definition. As a workable model of practice, it is far more nebulous and hard to achieve. In this review we have tried to consider the barriers and management problems that make it harder to achieve together with the mechanisms which will militate towards successful implementation. We have identified financial and cultural barriers, as well as structural and organisational ones equally we have pointed towards models of collaboration which appear to be working well. It would appear to be the case that the prime factor in the success or ultimate failure of a collaborative exercise, is the success and management skills with which it is initially introduced.   References Arblaster. L. et al (1998) Achieving the impossible : interagency collaboration to address the housing, health and social care needs of people able to live in ordinary housing: Bristol Policy press and Joseph Rowntree. 1998 Audit commission (2004) Older People – Independence and well-being: The challenge for public services London: The Audit Commission 2004 Bennis, Benne Chin (Eds.) 1999 The Planning of Change (2nd Edition).. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York: 1999. Berwick D. 1996 A primer on the improvement of systems. BMJ 1996; 312: 619-622 Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Booth T. 1999 Collaboration between health and social services; a case study of joint care planning. Policy Polit 1999; 19: 23-49. Cameron,A. Brown H and Eby,M.A. (2000) Factors Promoting and Obstacles Hindering Joint Working; School for Policy Studies, Bristol. 2000 Davidmann 1988 Reorganising the National Health Service: An Evaluation of the Griffiths Report HMSO : London 1988 DOH 2000 Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan. A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform. Cm 4818. London: The Stationery Office Garlick C. 1996 Social solution. Nurs Times 1996; 92: 28. Glendenning C. Rummery K, Clarke R 1998 From collaboration to commissioning: developing relationships between primary health and social services BMJ 1998;317:122-125 Griffiths Report 1983 NHS Management Inquiry Report DHSS, 1983 Oct 25 Haralambos M, M Holborn 2000 Sociology: themes and perspectives, Harper Collins 2000. Marinker M.1997 From compliance to concordance: achieving shared goals BMJ 1997;314:747–8. McNally D Mercer N. 1996 Social workers attached to practices. Project report. Knowsley: Knowsley Metropolitan Borough and St Helens and Knowsley Health , 1996. NHSE 1997 National Health Service Executive. Health action zones invitation to bid. Leeds: NHS Executive , 1997(EL(97)65.) Pithouse A, Butler I. 1994 Social work attachment in a group practice; a case study in success? Res Policy Plann 1994; 12: 16-20. Powell, J. and Lovelock, R. (1996), Reason and commitment: is communication possible in contested areas of social work theory and practice?, in Ford, P. and Hayes, P. (eds), Educating for Social Work: Arguments for Optimism, Aldershot, Avebury, pp. 76–94. Richards, Joanna Coast, David J Gunnell, Tim J Peters, John Pounsford, and Mary-Anne Darlow 1998 Randomised controlled trial comparing effectiveness and acceptability of an early discharge, hospital at home scheme with acute hospital care BMJ, Jun 1998; 316: 1796 – 1801 Rouse, Jolley, and Read 2001 National service frameworks BMJ, Dec 2001; 323: 1429. Shortell SM, Bennett CL, Byck GR. 1998 Assessing the impact of continuous quality improvement on clinical practice: what will it take to accelerate progress? Milbank Quarterly 1998; 76: 593-624 Wierzbicki and Reynolds 2001 National service frameworks financial implications are huge BMJ, Sep 2001; 321: 705. Wistow G, Brookes T, eds.1998 Joint planning and joint management. , London: Royal Institute for Public Affairs, 1998. ############################################################ 25.1.06 PDG Word count 2,290

Brutus Character Analysis in Shakespeares Tragedy of Julius Caesar Ess

Character Analysis: Brutus William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, was mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was the mastermind behind the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a senator and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After I examined Brutus' relationship towards Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy and his importance to the plot it all became clear. Brutus had one particular reason for killing Caesar and that was for the good of the people and the republic. Brutus had no personal reason for killing Caesar. Some of his most admirable traits were his morality and leadership skills. Brutus had a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. I think during Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if he/she is a close friend or relative to him/her. Brutus loved Caesar but feared his power and ambition. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, "If it aught toward the general good, set honor in one eye and death in the other, and I will look on both indifferently†¦,,"(act 1, scene 2, ll.85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. "He then unto the ladder turns his back..."(act 2, scene 1, line 25). As the quote says, Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back on the people of Rome. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. Brutus says to himself, "I know no personal cause to spurn at him...How that might change his nature..."(act 2, scene 1, and ll.11-13) Caesar's connection and relationship with Brutus was also very strong. Allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect fo... ...thing else. The threat that Caesar poses was that he would begin moving away from the idea of a Roman republic and towards an Empire ruled directly by him. Brutus is complex because he does not kill Caesar for greed, envy, or to preserve his social position like so many of the other conspirators against Caesar, he does it for the good of the people. Once Brutus has made up his mind he sticks to it, and he is rarely questioned. Brutus is very accustomed to having his way without argument, which explains why he rarely listens to anyone else. Brutus is like a piece of elastic. He is easily stretched out, but he's also easily put back to how it used to be. But a piece of elastic will also get worn out and has to be thrown out. Brutus is very quickly persuaded and manipulated. Like elastic, it is stretched and used, then immediately thrown out like it was nothing.

Sociological Imagination vs. Common Sense Essay -- Sociology

Sociological Imagination vs. Common Sense This essay will aim to explain differences between the sociological imagination and common sense. What the sociological imagination and common sense are and how they are at work in our society today. Using the area of educational achievement I will bring into this essay examples through research and findings from sociologists such as; Pierre Bourdieu, Culture Capital (1977), Bernstein-(1961)speech patterns’ and Paul Willis (1977)learning to labour, and use these examples as evidence to show how these would explain educational achievement in relation to the sociological imagination and common sense assumptions. I shall begin this essay by discussing where the sociological imagination arose from and what this is in comparison to common sense. American sociologist C.Wright Mills (1959) published a sociological text called ‘The sociological Imagination (1959), C.Wright Mills wrote in his book about ‘the troubles of milieu’ the word milieu means (environment) this was looked at as being where an individual will find themselves in a situation that is of a personal social setting to them and therefore could indeed affect them personally and in some extent the situation be this persons making. Mills(1959), also wrote about public issues of social structure, referring to matters that go beyond the individual and look at society as a whole. How society is organised and how society works. This goes far beyond ‘the troubles of milieu, as it doesn’t look at the person and there individual experiences in society but looks at the wider social structure e.g social institutions†¦ education, religion, family, law and how they have developed and interact with each other examples of the differenc... ...ion, Sociology making sense of society, 4th ed, Harlow, Pearson Longman, pp. 604-605. Mills C.Wright (1959) The Sociological imagination , Harmondsworth, England, Oxford University Press. Office of National Statistics (2004), Education, Ethnicity and Identity, Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=461 [accessed 28 September 2010], Cite as (office of National Statistics 28 September 2010) Pierre B (1961) Culture Capital Cited, Taylor P ; Richardson Jr John; Yeo, A, (1995), The class structure and educational attainment, Sociology in Focus, pp.297, Ormskirk, Causeway Press. Scanlan J Stephen; Guest-editor; Grauerjolz Liz (2009) 50 Years of C.Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination, Teaching Sociology 37, (1), pp1-7 Willis Paul (1977) Learning to labour, Westmead, hants, England, Saxon House, Teakfield Limited.

The Importance of Effective Writing for an 8th Grade Language Arts Portfolio :: essays research papers

One of the most important questions in writing is what is effective writing? Well, the definition of effective writing is how well the writing impacted someone, i.e. the reader. You can write whatever you want to, but if it isn’t effective then it is almost pointless. In order to change someone’s opinion or in order to prove them wrong you need to make a large impact with what you are writing. There are six steps in order to make a piece of writing effective. These steps include convincing the reader, making the information comprehensible, making it easy to read, making the whole paper interesting, exhibit a clear and confident voice, and try to impact the reader emotionally. First off, included in the convincing the reader step is using the active voice instead of using the passive voice. For example use baseball player play baseball instead of baseball is played by baseball players. For the second criteria, comprehensible, eliminate words that are not essential to th e meaning or mood. For example do not use very, really, terribly, and awfully. For the third criteria, easy to read, combine short sentences to consolidate ideas, but don’t ramble, be effective. For example use the effective sentence when I dropped a boiled egg, it landed on my dog without breaking. Rather than the ineffective sentence I dropped an egg and it landed on my dog. The egg was boiled and it did not crack open. For the fourth criteria, making the whole paper interesting, vary the structure of you sentences. For example try using something interesting like I like to play baseball. I own seven baseballs and 2 baseball bats. Instead of using something boring like I own seven baseballs. I also own 2 baseball bats. I like to play baseball. For the fifth criteria, exhibit a clear and confident voice, reword redundant and words phrases. Ex. Use It is hot. Instead of it is a hot one. Finally, for the sixth criteria, try to impact the reader emotionally, consider having a t arget audience. By having a target audience you can impact the reader whom it is most important to you very easily. For example if you are trying to excite an environmentalist about a paper product then emphasize that it is recyclable, instead of its annual consumption. In order of importance these traits are ranked 1.) Comprehendible- if the reader can not understand what you are saying, then they have no reason to read it.

Curleys wife presented and developed Essay

John Steinbeck, in his novella ‘Of Mice and Men’, deliberately presents Curley’s wife as a character with no appellation, this pushes away the relationship between her and the reader. The fact that she has no appellation indicates to us that she is a generalised woman; a typecast of women in the 1930’s America, in which women were expected to stay at home to fulfil their housewife ‘duties’. Her appellation also indicates to us that she is the property of Curley, this dehumanizes her, she is thought of as an object. Steinbeck first presents Curley’s wife as a flirtatious ‘tart’, and then develops her as a dangerous, vulnerable, and fragile character. Steinbeck ensures that the reader feels unsympathetic towards her in the inception, and throughout the novella, and then allows the reader to feel slightly sympathetic just afore her death, as we find out she is just a lonely woman full of dreams that are shattered. This is deliberately done once it is too late, her death is inevitable. This means that the audience’s sympathy will always lie with Lennie, not Curley’s wife. In chapter 2, Candy introduces George and Lennie to the ranch, after Curley has his moment with George and Lennie, Candy states â€Å"wait’ll you see Curley’s wife†¦She got the eye†, immediately Candy’s description of her reveals (before the reader even meets her) that she is flirtatious and interested in men although she has a husband, and therefore she is a ‘tart’. This is dangerous since she is married to the boss’s son, who is always looking for an altercation. Candy also reveals that Curley has a â€Å"Glove fulla Vaseline†, this immediately portrays Curley’s wife as a sexual object. Indeterminately, she is first presented as a flirtatious ‘tart’, and a sexual object; these could potentially equal disaster in the future. Steinbeck has purposely introduced her in this way as he desires us to hate and possess no sympathy for her†¦ except for Lennie. In this novella, Curley’s wife is referred to as a ‘tart’ because of her flirtatious behaviour, and also, she is described as a ‘girl’ as she is immature and vulnerable. However, the reader does not think of her as a ‘girl’, as she has â€Å"full, roughed lips†, â€Å"eyes, heavily made up†, and ‘red’ fingernails. The reader thinks of her as a woman, from the way her presence is described, and also the way she acts. Curley’s wife is at times, a viciously unpleasant woman. In chapter 4, she enters Crooks Bunk house, after she is confronted by the three grown men, Lennie, Candy, and Crooks, she reduces Lennie and Candy to ‘toneless†¦nothing’. Then refers to Crooks as a ‘Nigger’. This is extremely shocking, particularly to a modern audience whereas in the 1930’s the audience would find it conventional. Curley’s wife has deliberately picked on Crooks, as he’s complexion is described as black, and therefore socially weaker. Indeterminately, she has more power than him. This exposure of weakness ultimately concludes with Curley’s wife threatening to have Crooks ‘strung up’. The fact that she is threatening to lie, and cry rape, to have an innocent man killed for no appropriate reason, paints her in a profoundly negative light. After this, it makes Curley’s wife highly unpredictable throughout the rest of the novella as Steinbeck has instantly developed her from being a flirtatious ‘tart’, to being an evil woman, the reader cannot predict what she will be like further into the novella. After chapter 4, it emphasises how cruel Curley’s wife can be and turns the reader against her even more. In chapter 5, Curley’s wife seeks ‘attention’ (as she usually does) as she goes into the barn, she encounters Lennie. Her reaction after finding the ‘dead’ puppy is very serene, she isn’t shocked since she states â€Å"just a dead pup†; this makes her abnormal because a normal woman would not look at this situation from a neutral point of view. Further in chapter 5, the reader deduces that Curley’s wife is lonely as she states â€Å"I get awful lonely†; this makes the audience understand her even more because she is always seeking ‘attention’. After Curley’s wife convinces Lennie into speaking with her, she then talks about how she could have been a â€Å"Hollywood movie star† but had her letter stolen, and therefore her opportunity was taken. The reader realises that her that her dreams were destroyed; This links to the women in the 1930’s, as they also has aspirations that were not accepted. Curley’s wife believes that her mother stole her letter, as she states â€Å"I think my old lady stole it†; the word ‘think’ immediately tells the reader that she has no genuine evidence to prove this is true. Curley’s wife ultimately leads to her own necrosis as she tells Lennie to touch her hair; the word ‘touch’ immediately reminds the reader about the incident in Weed. After touching Curley’s wife’s hair, Lennie then starts to stroke her hair in amazement, Curley’s wife suddenly starts panicking whens she feels Lennie’s strength, and in grabbing her, Lennie breaks her neck by accident, causing instant death. After Curley’s wife death, the reader feels sympathetic towards her, as the reader recently finds out that she was just a lonely woman full of shattered dreams. As soon as Candy walks into the scene, the readers sympathy for the dead woman disappears as the reader realises that Lennie, George, and Cady’s American dream ‘have it all in one month’ is now no longer in reach, it has been destroyed. Curley’s wife has represented the death of dreams as she is the reason for this. Unlike Lennie, Curley’s wife had no excuse of being ‘mentally slow’ so should have controlled her herself and therefore it is her fault, the reader regrets having sympathy for her. Curley’s wife is a very unique character; she is not a typical 1930’s woman, as she is always outside of her house making her unable to carry out her ‘duties’, whereas a typical 1930’s woman would always stay at home fulfilling their housewife ‘duties’. Curley’s wife should have been interpreted as a typical 1930’s woman.

Bu340 Managerial Finance 1

Managerial Finance 1 Assignment 01 11-13 -12 1). A limited partnership allows some of the investors to limit their liability. Under these terms, one or more partners are designated general partners and have unlimited liability for the debts of the firm; others contributors are designated limited partners and are liable only for their initial contribution. For example, if partner A and B contribute and of the capital respectively, limited partnership dictates that partner A is liable for only the initial contribution. ). Insider trading occurs when a person has information that is not available to the public and then uses this information to profit from trading in company’s publicly trading securities.This practice is illegal and protected by the government agency called as. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). For Example, if company A’s CEO didn’t trade on the undisclosed takeover news, but instead passed the information on to his relative [brother in law] who traded on it, illegal insider trading is would still have occurred. ). Depreciation is a noncash expense; it has an impact on net cash flow because of its impact on taxes. Every dollar of depreciation expense reduces taxable income by one dollar and thus reduces taxes owed by 1% times the firm’s marginal tax rate. Accelerated depreciation the tax benefits forward in time, and thus increases the present value of the tax shield, thereby increasing the value of the project. 4). Inflation is an increase in the price of goods and services over a certain period of time.In general the price of a product will rise a certain percentage each year. Inflation restricts the usefulness of a balance sheet because actual prices change over time. A balance sheet uses historical or actual values which are not adjusted for inflation. If a person relies on a balance sheet to determine the actual price of a good or service the balance sheet will shows the lower historical price and not the cu rrent price. References Block, S. B. , & Hirt. , G. A. )2008). Foundations of financial management (12th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin

 Champion Equality, Diversity and Inclusion SHC53 Essay

Equality refers to individuals being treated as equals, and allowing all to have the same opportunities, and to be treated with respect and dignity and to be given the same opportunities to achieve. Inclusion is the process that includes all, while ensuring that the needs of the individuals are met, whilst overcoming the barriers to prevent everyone participating. Social Model The favoured model that is linked to my work is the social model, which focuses on the child or individual and not on their disability, ethnicity, gender, social background, ect; this model looks at the environment as the problem and not the individual thus enabling them independence and empowerment. The health model of disability Focuses on the persons impairments as the problem and not their environment. This can restrict their independence and highlight their disability. Within my area of work I have children and young people who have autisum, globle development delay and mental health diagnosis and some who have suffered great trauma leading to attachment disorders. Both of the above models impact on our young people, we strive to empower our young people to enable them to lead as normal a life as possible. Our company word is ‘Respect’ our ethos is to wrap around the child allowing them to reach their full potential, and supporting them to make informed choices during their time with us and for their futures. We will always advocate for the child to become as independent as they can, this is achived by personal care plans and life skill plans, the children are included in this planning which enables their voice to be heard and involves them in decision making, With the young person always being at the centre of our ethos this ensures they are treated as individuals and listened to. This allows the young person to be ‘empowered’ to identify their own personal choice on decision making about their own lives .For example; a young person with Mental Health diagnosis may not have the capacity to make all decisions about going to college, but can be part of the planning and the communication around this. When needed we would use social stories, pictorial items and arrange college visits. 1.2 Children living within the care system come across barriers of equality and inclusion, in care carries a stigma â€Å"they must be bad† this prejudice happens out of ignorance and the lack of empathy, this prejudice is grown out of assumptions that all looked after children are small criminals . This can have a huge impact on their self-esteem and leave them feeling unable to accesses the community for activities. Discrimination can have a negative effect on children and adults; this can affect their well-being and their mental health. If children and young people lose their confidence, they may become withdrawn and spend periods of time alone, in their bedrooms feeling rejected and that they don’t belong. This will affect their confidence and self-esteem preventing them from engaging in activities within the community and school if this is not addressed then it could  affect their future prospects. The long term effects of exclusion can result in the young person continually thinking they are bad or cannot fit into society, ending up in prison or mental health residential homes because they only feel safe when institutionalised . I feel this prejudice is unwarranted and leads to these children having to try harder to fit in to society. These children often come from low economic homes or have parents who have health problems, they grow up feeling excluded. Becker states â€Å"society labels the individual or group, they are then treated differently† Personal – were your own prejudge can influence you’re practise. Mental health and the stigma this brings .The social consequences of ‘labelling’, according to Becker ‘society labels the individual or group, they are then treated differently. The feelings shown or felt towards the looked after child or the stigma of mental health can give staff or the community a preconception of the young person before they have got to know them. The effects of the stigma on the looked after child comes from being in the care system through behaviours that have come from incidents that are of no fault of their own ,it has come from the trauma of neglet ,abuse or a mental health diagnosis . The looked after child who has the stigma of mental health alongside the stigma of being a looked after child, will need additional support to ensure the opportunities of inclusion and equality are always available to them, enabling any barriers within the community to be overcome. These young people and their behaviours can raise The anxieties of the residents within a community can be raised purely due to the young people being in care within their neighbourhood, making it harder for them to fit in. The role of the care team is to ensure all areas of planning are covered to enable the young people have equality within the community in which they live. 1.3 Best practise within my own area of working means I need to understand the most current legislation ,I need to be familiar with the acts of parliament that inform my policies . These acts are; disability discrimination act ( 1995 ) the NH’s and community care act (1990 ) the mental health act (1983 ) the equality act (2010 ) mental capacity act (2005 ) and best interest assessment articles 1,2 and 14 of the Human rights act (1995 ) sex discrimination act (1975 ) equal pay act (1970 ) race relations act (2000) employment ,equality (religion or belief )regulations (2003 ) The children’s act 1989 –clause which requires authorities to take special account of children’s disabilities and the support needed to enable them to live as near as normal lives as possible. Guidance in the form of ‘no secrets’, (doh,2000) which sets out adult protection policies and recognises adult discrimination as abuse. The documentation working together to safe guard children (doh,2010) which requires PR actions to guard against ‘myths and stereotypes’. Equality, diversity and inclusion are at the core of all that we do, these policies and legislation’s impacts on how I work to support the needs and outcomes of my team and the children within our care. The legislation ensure that people receive equal opportunities, promotes diversity, equality and inclusion, and is a legal requirement that they are implemented within the organisation, this makes it illegal to discriminate against people for any reason . If we did not work following the guidance and legislation it would impact on the staff team and the service user resulting in low morale and confusion, leaving them feeling discriminated against, which could them unhappy resulting in them acting out behaviours, this can then affect how the team continues to work with them.Regular reviews, supervision and appraisals support the team to ensure our working practise is effective. With the changes in legislation the working practise has also changed, children in care are now cared for, gone are the days of work houses and only health care for the rich. Over the years Equality, has promoted the equal rights of all. 2. Be able to champion diversity, equality and inclusion. 2.1 When supporting the rights of children and staff it is important and essential to remember that not all are the same, If you penalise a individual because they are different, this can make them feel unwanted .The rules and boundaries of the home are the same for all, the children’s plans within this are individual to them. The children’s support and care plans ensure our practise meets all criteria of policy to ensure equality, diversity and inclusion for all. Adults who work within our setting should think about their own values and beliefs and how discriminatory comments can affect the home, the child and their colleges. Within our organisation we invest in ongoing training and have policies in place to enable staff to reach their full potential whilst being able to promote diversity, equality and inclusion these include; Allegations against staff policy – to support staff in the event of an allegation leading to a section . Equality opportunities policy –ensuring we are equal to all staff and young people Grievance procedure –to ensure all staff and young people have the right to a process of complaint and grievance Staff recruitment – clear guidelines for staff to see all recruitment meets equality Complaints policy –so all have the right to fairness and equality and the processes to complain if this is not felt Staff hand book –has clear guidance on policy and procedure to ensure staff are supported in their employment and training Young person’s hand book –clear boundaries ,home rules and guidance on what to do when not happy Safe in care policy –this is to ensure all young people living in the home and staff are aware off the needs of each individual person this is followed up with a safe in care agreement were all young people sign up to ,this helps with bulling within a children’s home . 2.2 Part of my role as house manager is having a duty of care, and having the ability to challenge discrimination and exclusion, whilst still working within the our policies. To achieve this it is essential to ensure that the supervision of the team promotes good practise. It is important to involve staff in their individual development plans, ensuring that these are tailored to their individual support needs. Within this process it is important to challenge any barriers that arise preventing exclusion, equality, diversity, the staff member has a right for their voice to be heard, this creates a culture of transparency which allows for growth and good practise. I expect my team to lead by example and show our children  respect and dignity and to be non-judgemental, if discrimination ,bulling or prejudice of any form of is witnessed by child or adult this is challenged. We have a very clear zero tolerance procedure and clear guidelines on how to make a complaint. Policies used to ch allenge; Complaints procedure Bulling and harassment Equality opportunities policy Employment handbook Grievance procedure Supervision and appraisal Allegations against staff Personal harassment policy 2.3 – In 2005 The Office For Disability Issues announced that their vision is by 2005 â€Å" Disabled people in Britain should have the same opportunities and choices as non-disabled people, to improve their quality of life and be respected and included as equal members of society† Their purpose â€Å"We are the guardians within government of the vision of equality for disabled people by 2025† Within our practice we have many policies and procedures to adhere to which all staff are responsible to read and understand. They should also understand that there are many forms of abuse and neglect which could result from discrimination. Emotional abuse within the care system can be very damaging to a young person, Working together to Safeguard Children is a document that care staff are provided with. It states that â€Å"Emotional abuse is the persistent emotional maltreatment of a child such as to cause severe and persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development.† Our safeguarding policy describes discrimination as â€Å" Behaviour that is directed at person because of disability, ethnic origin, race, skin colour, culture, sexual orientation, size, gender or age, which could result in the young person’s , Withdrawal Anger/aggression Loss of self esteem Imitative behaviour -The impact of inclusion on a child is that it empowers them and makes them feel that they belong. Many of the young people that we care for have had numerous placements in either foster care, residential homes and schools. This can leave them feeling uncared for unwanted and rejected. One of our clients when first placed with us would spend long periods of time alone in her bedroom playing on one of her 3 DS and was reluctant to send time with the group or engage in any activities. We carried out lots of 1-1 sessions with her and discovered that this was what was expected of her in her previous foster placement. During the 1-1 sessions we were able to identify her likes and dislikes which enabled us to be able to include her in some group activities with others who also shared the same interests. She now attends activities several evening a week and spends the remainder of her time interacting with her peers, and her DS’s are now rarely used. For their time with us to be beneficial to the young people we must follow inclusive practise, this is incorporated in the day to day running of the home, they are allowed full access to all areas of the home, excluding others bedrooms, the rules and boundaries applied are equal to all. If the young person’s behaviours cause them or threatens to cause others harm then they may be sanction to help with the containment off the behaviour, so that they can be included in all aspects of the home and activities. If I felt that a staff member was discriminating a young person or staff member I would address this immediately and this would be discussed during supervision and further training would be offered. We want our young people to feel confident, safe and respected within their home thus allowing them to succeed. The value of diversity means that we respect and value the differences of each other and listening to others opinions, providing that they are not detrimental to any ot her child or adults well being. The staff team are expected to interact with the children equally, while recognising that they are individuals, and have individual needs and support plans. All staff are provided with regular safeguarding training, this gives them information on discrimination, abuse, inclusion and diversity, which along with our policies and procedures promote better outcomes for our young people. In house information Bulling and harassment Equality opportunities policy Employment handbook Grievance procedure Supervision and appraisal Allegations against staff Personal harassment policy 2.4 Our children are supported to ensure they are not discriminated against, they receive weekly key work sessions, and can request a 1-1 with a care member of staff at any time. We have weekly young people’s meetings, where they can write down things that they would like addressed or ask a staff member to write it for them so that others don’t know who has raised an issue. Exclusion is not a practise that is used unless a child cannot access an area due to a behaviour that means they are not safe to self or others .My team are supported to challenge discrimination or exclusion ,this can be done in reflective space ,debrief, team meetings ,handovers. Supervision is a place where there is confidentiality so issues can also be discussed, there is zero tolerance for my team, and we treat each other with respect and dignity, whilst remembering we are all individuals that bring different aspects of experience to the team. There is a clear complaints procedure and staff all have copies of staff handbook and procedure in their individual folders .Young people have the use of worry forms and complaints forms individually and in a folder in communal areas ,these are supported at key work sessions . 3. Understand how to develop systems and processes that promote diversity, equality and inclusion. 3.1 The Equality act is a legislation that is in place to ensure that people are given equal rights and opportunities regardless of their age, gender disability, race, religion or belief and sexual orientation. This legislation promotes diversity, equality and inclusion by making it a requirement that they are commonly practised and incorporated into the social care setting thus making it illegal to  discriminate against a person for any reason . The main acts within the Equality Act 2010 are; The care Quality commission The disability Discrimination Act 2005 Human Rights Act 1998 Equal pay Act 1970 The Sex Discrimination Act 1999 The Race Relations Act 2003 To promote good practise it is essential to follow these Acts if not followed then consequence can be diverse, this could affect the individual a young person or the entire team. This could leave a young person feeling discriminated against, which can lead to negative feelings of isolation, and feeling unheard, leading to problems for them and those around them. They can become unhappy causing them to act out negative behaviours putting the team and young people at risk. We have complaints procedure for staff and children, whoever I feel we do not promote this enough and would benefit from being revised, although the procedure is clear I feel that it does not promote its self to enable change. Our staff team is multi cultural so is able to promote the cultural needs for our clients, this has proved beneficial to the needs of our young people. The staff have taught some of them how the care for afro Caribbean hair and to understand their religious and cultural needs. We ensure our young people are involved in menu planning and we hold a cultural night which enables them to prepare a ethnic meal and share their culture with others. We ensure we have Champions for all young people this ensures our practise continues to be Equal for all and remains open and honest. We hold regular meetings throughout the service, it means we all have a voice and the legislation ensures our voices are heard and respected. Without the use of individual care plans and individual support plans, (Where the young person’s input is included) which are tailored around the individual needs of the young person that also take into account their ability, culture, disabilities and their personal int erests, the young person would be discriminated against. All children have a right to grow up safe from harm and discrimination. Lord  Laming highlighted the importance of frontline professional’s getting to know children as individual people and as a matter of routine, while considering how their situation feels to them. All young people in our setting have weekly keywork sessions and can request 1-1 support from staff at any time, they all have access to worry forms or complaints forms and each have an independent advocate, and all participate in regular activities suitable to their ability. As a staff team we have monthly individual supervision and weekly team meetings where any form of discrimination would be addressed. 3.2 We have previously had issues with our rotas due to staff shortage. This meant that staff were required to work long shifts and also weekends, which makes it hard to achieve a good work life balance. When staff are tired and unhappy it can have a knock on effect on the young people. With an increase of staffing levels it has allowed us to re-look at the shift patterns allowing the rota to change ensuring a good work life balance. This has included many meetings with managers and the principle, in reflection of the rota system and process, we have been able to produce a fair rota ensuring all staff have equal weekends off and this has contributed to the well-being off the team, thus ensuring that staff are not too tired to give the level of care required for our young people. It is important as a manager that I ensure my team are given the opportunity to make informed decisions. The process we have in place has worked well, we work openly and honestly, so the team meeting discussion was taken to the senior management meeting this then resulted in the team sitting down with senior managers and working out a rota together. Staff our now given a rota for six months instead of two weekly, enabling them to make plans within their personal life. 3.3 To improve our service and to meet the needs of our young people, I need to increase our partnership with the cultural community. We have recently had a child placed with us who is a Jamaican, our knowledge in this area is limited, to support us as a team and ensure equality, inclusion, and diversity I have to ensure we Employed staff with Jamaican background Taken advice from a cultural advisor Brought literature to support young person and staff The team have been part of the planning with the young person and social worker and have a set target to re-introduce the young person to her religious beliefs and culture I continually strive to improve our service to our young people, I constantly review and evaluate, this requires a whole team approach ,senior staff within the team are given additional needs to support this ethos. For example life skills, these are planned with the young person and are individual to the abilities of the young person. . 4. be able to manage the risks presented when balancing individual rights and professional duty of care 4.1 working with young people who are encouraged to have a voice, it is sometimes hard for them to understand that parental responsibility does not lie with the care team but other authorities; Section 31 young people it is their placing authority Section 20 young people it is still their parents. This can cause confusion and young people need to know they have a voice and are heard, we do this through network meetings, key work sessions, house meetings, meetings with social workers and contact with parents. Duty of care and ensuring safe practise means all information is shared with the safe guarding team, it is then decided how this information is shared to keep young person and team safe . An ethical dilemma is when a section 20 young person is reaching adult services and the parents push on their mental health labels wanting a more secure placement and excluding them from any part of the decision making. This is hard as parents feel they are acting in best interest but they are often frightened of the young person making the wrong choice. The ethical dilemma means we have to balance the needs of the family versus social care versus the young person. Our key responsibility has to ensure that the individual is in control of their own lives and is at the centre of any decision making, we have to support our young person and if we need to challenge the families views. The documentation and planning of life skills with the young person will allow us to promote the equality and inclusion of the young person. The young person must be given the information in a format that they understand, such as social stories or pictorial schedules. In cases like this we must understand the; â€Å"The mental capacity act 2005 (mea 2005) and Best interest assessment â€Å". The five principles of assessment are; 1. Presume capacity unless established otherwise. 2. Take practical steps to enable decision making 3. Accept that people can make unwise descions 4. Act in persons best interest 5. 5. Use the action least restrictive of the person’s rights and freedom of choice. 4.2 The principle of informed choice the individual is supported to make a decision, they accept a shared responsibility for the choices they make, along with the outcome .Evaluation of the decision have we provided the right tools for this to be communicated. The young person’s values and points are respected; the team promotes an environment that empowers them to make their decision. It is vital that all parties are involved this may require a network meeting, any decisions should be unbiased and taken clearly on facts, and the understanding of these facts will have implications and future consequence of an action. This element of informed choice is risk taking and can often alter the path for young people are we able to take the risk it makes professionals nervous ,as we are asking individuals to balance risk and their own responsibilities against legalities choice and rights of the care system. Within therapeutic working practise trust is essential, so the choices given mu st be able to be achieved and implemented by the young person. They must be given time to reflect on their choices, risks, and potential outcomes. Once they have all the information the choice must be their choice and not influenced by us, however ensuring that they have given all of the relevant information. Within the principles of Equality ,Dignity ,Diversity ,each young person should have the opportunity to make decisions for themselves, even if they make wrong choices as long as they can proceed with full knowledge of risks, while ensuring that the choices given are safe. This I feel is better for the young person, to be able to make their own choices rather that to be told what is best for them. 4.3 Individual capacity affects informed choice ,because of a young person’s mental health, physical health, chronic health,  young people who have been in the care system are supported from a very young age to understand they have a voice ,this is promoted in their reviews . Within the â€Å"Mental capacity Act (2005) A code of practise states; â€Å"Making an unwise decision does not mean that person lacks capacity â€Å". This area can seem very grey, children living in care homes can become institutionalised so decision making is hard, it’s our duty of care to give them as many skills as possible to be part of their care planning, to be able to make the right choices. Young people with mental health labels are far too often deemed unable to be part of any planning or decision making. When they make wrong choice is this capacity or just making wrong choice? â€Å"an individual may not be able to make a judgement about complex treatment decisions, may still be able to express a preference about what they want to eat â€Å".Beauchamp and Childeress (2001) For Children and young people diagnosed with Mental Health issues, as they reach adulthood it can become very complex. The impact of others on the decision making and choices, we often see that parents can become over protective, this can be out of fear of losing control of their child. The young person through mental ability, anxiety, intellectual capacity, may never have been part of making their own choices and now through legislation is being overloaded with choice. To ensure we meet the needs of the young person as an individual, we should work on the facts actual diagnosis, care plans, risk assessments, actual abilities that are documented, for example; can work out their budget for toiletries. This skill can lead to being able to do food shopping, menu planning ect. The statement above is a very clear point, young people with ASD for example can plan their day in an environment they feel safe and secure in, once outside anxiety can take over and crossing the road can be a danger. The young person still needs the choices we just need to ensure the choices are given within their own capabilities. 4.4 To manage risks we have in place live documents that continuously dynamically risk assesses, this allows for mutual accountability. It allows for risk taking by looking at each risk. I have a young person who continually puts herself at risk absconding and asking strangers for cigarettes, this puts her at risk of abduction, grooming and rape, within the network we came to the conclusion we should provide 4 cigarettes a day.  Although the risk to health increased with the 4 cigarettes a day, it decreased in the other areas, but has also dramatically reduced her smoking habit. The young person is always at the centre of any risk assessment and their thoughts and choices are always considered, a high risk for our young people is that they may possibility not be socially accepted, this then increases the risk of them making the wrong choices, within our risk assessing we encourage young people to make the right choice . Through our network meeting risks and planning are always disc ussed this includes the whole network to work collaboratively to manage risk assessments and to ensure a culture that is accountable and does not lay blame. References care quality commission . (2012, june 29). Retrieved may 3, 2013, from www.cqc.org.uk. legistation . (2013, march 10). Retrieved from www.legistation.gov.uk. Caplin, P., Landridge, E., Morgan, B., Platts, R., Rowe, J., & Scragg, T. (2012). Diploma in leadership for health and social care . Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes . Equality and Human Rights commision . (n.d.). Retrieved may 3, 2013, from www.equalityhumanrights.com. J McKibbin, A. W. (2008). Leadership and Management. Derby: Heinemann. http://www.officefordisability.gov.uk/ Acts Equality Act (2010) Mental health Act ( 1983) Mental Health Act and Mental Capacity Act (2005) Disability discrimination Act (1995)

Aspirin Desensitisation On Asthma Health And Social Care Essay

Aspirin hypersensitivity is a non-direct immunological mediated allergic reaction. It is responsible for acetylsalicylic acid exacerbated airway disease ( AERD ) and can do asthma, rhinosinusituis, rhinal polyps, urtications and atrophedema. The mean prevalence of aspirin hypersensitivity is 2.5 % ( 2 ) Inhalant and unwritten corticoids are the chief lines of intervention for AERD. In add-on, leukotriene-modifying drugs have a function in the direction. Aspirin Desensitisation ( AD ) has to be used for handling such instances. AD means giving bit by bit increasing doses of acetylsalicylic acid by intranasal or unwritten path to construct tolerability for acetylsalicylic acid on AERD patients. AD should be done after corroborating these instances by aspirin challenge trials, i.e. intranasal or unwritten routes.. In this reappraisal, I will measure and rate of the available evidence-based informations for the value of aspirin desensitization on asthma and rhinosinusitis.Search methods:An electronic comprehensive literature hunt of databases ; Pub Med, Cochran ‘s database of systematic reappraisals Cochran controlled clinical tests registry, Evidence Based Medicine, Centre of grounds based medical specialty, Clinical tests registry, Databases of synthesized grounds: , American college of doctors, Evidence base on call, Med flower stalk and Goggle bookman. Keywords used: aspirin desensitization, aspirin desensitisation, rhinosinusitis, and asthma, grounds base guidelines of aspirin desensitization, cost effectivity and economic usage of aspirin desensitization.Consequences of the hunt:About 393 documents were relevant to aspirin desensitization.Methodology classifying and filtration of the consequences:Extras, non-human and non-English linguistic communication mentions were excluded. 122 documents were read. Some of documents were excluded because of ill-defined nonsubjective and result. The Left of 44 documents could be grounds the value of AD for direction of asthma and rhinosinusitis The ratings will be depending on: Diagnosis Efficacy and failure Safety Cost-effectiveness Other indicants The evaluation of strength of the grounds will be harmonizing to a new evaluation strategy of the Oxford Centre of Evidence-based Medicine ( CEBM ) .It is sorting the grounds to five degrees. ( 1 ) After size uping of the grounds, the evaluation would be: A- Diagnosis: EACCI/Ga2len Guidelines for aspirin aggravation trials for diagnosing of aspirin hypersensitivity2007 ( 2 ) ( European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology/Global Allergy and Asthma European Network )B-Efficacy1-Efficacy of unwritten AD:-One Cochrane intercession protocol still ongoing. The rubric is †Aspirin desensitization therapy for aspirin-intolerant chronic rhinosinusitis † Sriram Vaidyanathan, Simon McKean, Brian J Lipworth Aspirin desensitization therapy for aspirin-intolerant chronic rhinosinusitis. Editorial group: Cochrane Ear Nose and Throat Disorders Group Publication position and day of the month: New, published in Issue 4, 2009. This protocol will measure the effectivity of different mobs of aspirin desensitization ( unwritten, inhaled or intranasal ) as a monotherapy or as an adjunctive therapy. It will measure subjective and nonsubjective parametric quantities of nasal and lower air passage map, quality of life and inauspicious event profiles. The group of survey is big patients with aspirin intolerant chronic rhinosinusitis, with or without attendant asthma. Personal communicating has been done, between me and Dr.Siram by electronic mail to roll up more information about the protocol. Dr.Siram rematchs by that the protocol still ongoing. -Five randomised controlled tests ( grounds II ) , one little retrospective, one prospective survey ( grounds III ) , Three systematic reappraisal of non-randomised tests ( grounds III ) , one cross over survey ( grounds III ) , 21 instance studies and instance series, literature reappraisals and adept sentiment and clinical experience ( grounds V ) . 2-Efficay of rhinal AD: Three prospective controlled tests ( grounds II ) 3-Failure: Three instance studies ( grounds V ) . D-Safety: One randomised trail ( grounds II ) three instance series ( grounds V ) . E-The Cost- effectivity: one retrospective ( grounds III ) . F-Other indicants: one instance series ( V )Discussion:Harmonizing to, Oral Aspirin aggravation challenge trials are recommended for diagnosing of acetylsalicylic acid induced asthma, rhinosinusitis and urtications. While, nasal and inhalants challenge aggravation trials should be performed to diagnosis upper and lower acetylsalicylic acid respiratory reactions. All challenge trials should be done by a well trained doctor in experient medical Centres ( 2 ) [ Evidence is EAACI/Ga2len guidelines ] Oral AD is an effectual, optional and alternate intervention in patients with ARED or other NSAID sensitiveness patients who require acetylsalicylic acid for other curative indicants. In add-on ; AD may change the class of the ARED. ( 3-24 ) . [ Evidence II randomised test, Evidence III systematic reappraisal, Evidence III one cross over survey. other mentions are Evidence V instance studies, clinical experience, literature reappraisal, adept sentiments ] Oral AD has an effectual and safe function in a patient with coronary arteria diseases undergoing intercession processs. ( 25 ) . [ Evidence V instance series ] Oral AD has a significance betterment in lessening fistula rednesss, need for fistula operations, and Numberss of hospitalized patients because of asthma ( 0.0001 ) . In add-on, the betterment is important in the anosmia, rhinal fistula symptoms, and asthma symptoms ( all P & A ; lt ; .03 ) ( 26 ) [ Evidence II randomised control ] Furthermore, Oral AD has a function in a decrease of unwritten and rhinal inhalant corticoid doses ( the chief curative drug for patients with AERD ) ( 8, 26-28 ) ) . [ Evidence V instance study, Evidence II, two Randomised Control trails ] . Oral AD lessening the opportunities of demand for extra surgical processs in patients with Samter ‘s three ( 29 ) [ Evidence III retrospective survey ] The betterment in AERD symptoms would be more significance with long term intervention with unwritten acetylsalicylic acid. ( 5, 27, 30-35 ) [ Evidence III systematic reappraisal, Evidence II randomised test, grounds V instance study ] and can be monitored by in vitro trials. ( 19 ) [ Evidence V instance study ] Oral AD is a safe and an effectual intervention with low aspirin dose. ( 17,33 ) [ Evidence V instance studies, Evidence III prospective survey ] and high dosage ( 650 milligram twice daily ) , every bit good ( 26 ) [ Evidence II Randomised test ] . Oral AD could be a cost effectual option for patients with cardiovascular diseases ( 36 ) [ Evidence III retrospective survey ] In malice of, the confirmed efficaciousness of unwritten AD, there are some of the failures ( 37-39 ) . Evidence V instance studies ] Most of the ide effects of AD were ggastrointestinal. ( 40 ) [ grounds III systematic reappraisal ] While, Intranasal AD ( IAD ) cut downing the volume of polyps ( 41 ) and has a significance betterment on the clinical manifestations of aspirin-sensitive rhinal polyps and at the microscopic degree, every bit good ( 28 ) . [ Evidence II Randomised Control trail ] In add-on ; IAD lowers the rate of rhinal polyp return ( 28, 42, 43 ) . Evidence III prospective control tests ] Future of AAD, is he endovenous path ( 44 ) [ Evidence instance study ] and it can be helpful before rapid desensitization of chemotherapy ( 45 ) [ Evidence V instance study ]DecisionEAACI/Ga2len in 2007 ( 2 ) gave guideline recommendations for aspirin challenge trials. Sing AD, there are small available-evidence, until now. Most of the available grounds surveies on AD are with a little figure of patients. Based on current available grounds unwritten AD is effectual, safe and alternate options for AERD patients, who is a positive acetylsalicylic acid aggravation trial. These patients require aspirin or NSAID for other wellness jobs. AD might be a cost effectual option for cardiovascular diseases. Intranasal AD is recommended in rhinosiunositis.Cardinal recommendations:More randomized multicentre controlled tests are needed on this topic. In add-on, more consciousness for physicians should be highlighted to mention aspirin allergic patients to clinicians who could pull off such instances by aspirin desensitization. Specialized Centres are required with extremely qualified staff.

Foundations of a common European home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundations of a common European home - Essay Example r doors to migrations of selective groups notably: southern Europeans including Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese, as well as the recruitment of Turks for work in West Germany, Magrebians in France, and West Indian and Asians in the UK.1 What this meant is that Europe, immigration and, most importantly, the rapid industrialization would lay the foundations for the concept of a â€Å"common European home† in the 1950s and 1960s. In a bid to reassert their power in the postwar setting, countries in Europe, particularly Germany, France and Great Britain encouraged immigration, as many jobs were needed to filled. Most of these were factory work – those who were avoided by the nationals. The source of immigrants came from the poorer European countries, initially, and when these countries closed the wage gap with its more affluent neighbors, immigration and labor recruitment started to be sourced from the European colonies such as in South Asia and Africa.2 As migrant laborers renew their working contracts time and time again, they eventually laid down roots and a sense of residential permanency that they strove to legalize. Because of this, European governments have devised ways to integrate these immigrants into their respective societies drafting legislation to the same effect. For instance, we have the case of the West Berlin’s policy during the 1950s where the city government espoused the self -help philosophy in political-cultural integration. The functional approach that the city adopted has downplayed ethnic differences and made the immigrant-origin population an integral part of all local departmental and institutional mandates.3 This has cultivated a multicultural society somewhat akin to a common European home for European nationalities. Later on, sometime in 1975, European countries such as France and West Germany would enact family reunification policies wherein foreigners could settle permanently in the country along with their families.4 Because of