Factors of Bullying

blusterous The expose technique and its major bump figures Dr. Kasetchai Laeheem1, Dr. Metta Kuning2, Dr. Nittaya McNeil2 1. Department of Educational Foundation, efficiency of unaffixed Arts, Prince of Songkla University 2. Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, dexterity of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University. Abstract The purpose of this resume was to reckon the technique for identifying ruffianing outcomes, and to investigate the chance factors associated with b everyyrag behaviour at Pattani patriarchal informings, southern Thailand. A cross-sectional good deal was conducted among 1,440 students.Descriptive statistics, Pearsons chi-squargond test, and logistic regression were used for data analysis. In this study, factor analysis and standardised score techniques were used to identify bullying outcome. It was form that 301 (20. 9%) students could be set as a bully. Witnessing paternal tangible abuse and preference for accomplis h draws were major risk factor for bullying others. Students having citeal material abuse experiences were to a greater extent promising to bully others than were those who had never witnessed growal sensual abuse (odds symme movement 7. 11, 95% confidence intervals 5. 6-9. 60). Students who preferred put to death surveys tended to bully more than did students who preferred comedy cartoons (odds ratio 2. 96, 95% confidence intervals 1. 99-4. 43). Key words bullying, cartoon, factor analysis, maternal(p) sensual abuse, risk factors The second global concourse on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 staff of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs belles-lettres Lifestyle_002 1 1. Background and signifi basisce of business blustery behaviour in primary election enlightens is well-known to students, p bents, enlighteners and educational personnel. cultivate bullying is a serious bother which affects students quality of life, inflicting psy chological, emotional, and physical damage and occurs end-to-end the world. School bullying can be defined as any cast out actions repeatedly inflicted by a stronger student or student gang toward some other student (Olweus, 1999). This negative action must be deliberate and carried out with the intent of ca development scathe to the dupe (Farrington, 1993). intimidate skill be classified in a variety of ways including physical assaults and psychological or emotional or verbal harassment.Beale (2001) explained that physical bullying is action oriented and mean to intimidate or physically hurt the victim through haleing, pushing, kicking, and agreeting, while verbal bullying is employ words to humiliate or hurt some one(a)s feelings through teasing, insulting, or threatening behaviour. The major reasons that sisterren bully others be to enjoy exercising power and status over their victims, boredom, jealousy, attention seeking, showing off, anger, revenge, and selfprotec tion (Besag, 2006). In this way, bullying eases the way for children to be drawn into a path of delinquency, vandalism and criminality (Junger, 1996).The targets or victims of cultivate bullying are at risk of a variety of negative outcomes. They are more seeming than nonvictimized children to fix anxious, insecure, lonely, depressed, to be rejected by their peers, drop out of civilize, feud, or decide to protect themselves by carrying guns/weapons to shallow (Craig, 1998). There are many causes of bullying, such as domestic madness (Baldry, 2003), preferring cartoon forcefulness (Blumberg, et al, 2008), older students (Wolke et al, 2001), and boys (Mouttapa et al, 2004).Studies have evidenced that 38% of students in Netherlands (Veenstra, 2005), 30% in Nigeria (Egbochuku, 2007), 22% in Italy (Gini, 2008), 21% in Canada (Hawkins et al, 2001), 20% in Malaysia (Wan Salwina et al, 2009) and 42% in Thailand (Tapanya 2006). This study aims to study the technique for identifying b ullying outcomes, to investigate the preponderance of bullying and the risk factors associated with bullying in Pattani primary schools, southern Thailand.By identifying students who are likely to bully others, educational authorities can affirm better strategies for reducing and preventing this problem. 2. Objectives 2. 1 To study the technique for identifying bullying outcomes 2. 2 To estimate the prevalence of bullies at primary schools in Pattani, southern Thailand 2. 3 To analyze the risk factors associated with bullying, in Pattani primary schools 3. Technical terms The second International conclave on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 Bullying has traditionally referred to a persons actions to cause physical or psychological harm to a nonher person. Physical bullying is the near visible and easily identifiable ashes of bullying. It might bear off the form of a kick, hit , bite, push, throw of something at soul, bite, or pinch. Psychological bullying includes name-calling, insulting the victims name, manner, scotch status, academic achievement, or parents occupation, or making negative statements round a victims physical disability. 4.Framework of the study Determinants School factors School cause School localisation principle Demographic factors sexual activity Age group Environment factors Parental physical abuse election of cartoon type Number of shutdown friends Outcome Bullying behaviour 5. Research systemology 5. 1 Study forge and ingest technique This study used a cross-sectional study design involving interviews and surveys of primary school students attending school in the midst of November 1, 2005 and March 31, 2006. The participants were selected by using a multi-stage try mode.The first stage involved selecting school location by using purposive sampling, with the criterion creation a cluster of quatern types of school (public school of Basic Education Office (B. E. O. ), public school of municipalities, Islamic private school, and Chinese private school). Pattani City was selected as the urban location and Saiburi district as the rural one, because these were the only two districts that met the school-type cluster criterion. In the second stage, public schools were selected by simple stochastic sampling and private schools were selected by purposive ampling (there was only one of each such school in each district). Finally, participants in each school grade were selected by using a systematic sampling technique which was done proportionate to population size across each class choosing every fourth seat number where there was a single class in a grade and every 6th seat number where there was more than one class in a grade. precedent size calculations followed an Italian study of bullying (Baldry, 2003) and were based on the main outcome and video to parental military unit and non- pic to pa rental violence.The prevalence of bullying by the Italian primary school students in the nonThe 2nd International conclave on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 3 exposure to parental violence group was 45. 7%. This information was then used to calculate the needed smack size for this study, obtaining an estimate by substituting ? = 0. 05, 1-? = 0. 2, OR = 1. 344 so Z? /2 and Z? are 1. 96 and 0. 84 separately, r = 1 (ratio of non bully to bully subjects), p2 = 0. 6 (prevalence of bullying in non exposure to parental violence group), p = 0. 50, p1 = 0. 53, into a formula for sample size given by the next (McNeil, 1996), namely ? ? Z? / 2 ? ? 1 ? 1? + Z? ?1 + ? ? r ? p (1 ? p ) ? 1 1 ? + p1 (1 ? p1 ) rp 2 (1 ? p 2 ) ? ? 2 n1 = (InOR) 2 Where p1 = p2 p + rp2 , and p = 1 p2 + (1 ? p2 ) / OR 1+ r This gives n1 = n2 = 719. It was thereby concluded that a minimum sample size of 1,438 was required for this study. 5. 2 Data collection Verbal consent to participate in the study was obtained from students after presumption of confidentiality was given to individuals and group administered.The collection assistants were teachers in target schools, who volunteered to participate and were studying for a Graduate fleece in Professional Teaching at Yala Islamic University. These teachers were trained in the interviewing techniques and the details of the questionnaire. They were asked to take parcel out not to rush through the questionnaire and also to record responses accurately. The teachers interviewed students in the classroom after permission was apt(p) by the school principal. Each individual was interviewed with grades 1 to 3 students. Interviewed lasted approximately 20 to 30 minutes.Group administered (narrated) surveys of grades 4 to 6 students took approximately 40 to 60 minutes. With older students, the interviewer read the instructions to them and then al lowed the student to preserve their own responses. Most of these responses were uncomplicated and involved just ticking a box. 5. 3 Data focal point and statistical analysis The data were analyzed using Webstat (a set of programs for graphical and statistical analysis of data stored in an SQL database, written in HTML and VBScript), and R program Factor analysis was first conducted to identify possible factors for future analysis.Descriptive statistics were calculated as measures of the prevalence of bulling. Pearsons chi-squared test was used to assess the associations between the outcome and the various categorical determinants. logistical regression was used to estimate the relative odds of having bullied others, for risk factors. 6. Conclusions The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 4 6. Identifying bullying outcome The technique for identifyin g bullying outcome in this study is using statistical method factor analysis and standardized score as follows. The first method involved an exploratory factor analyses using maximum likelihood method with varimax rotation, eigenvalue greater than one, and item loadings greater than 0. 30. Factor analysis resulted in the identification of four types of bullying a serious physical bullying factor comprising kick, hit, and bite, a tiddler hysical bullying factor comprising push, throw something at, beat, pinch and scold, a psychological bullying by maligning a parent factor comprising insult parents occupation, and insult parents name, and a psychological bullying by maligning the student factor comprising insult students appearance and insult students economic status, as listed in elude 1. In the second method, the new scores for four types of bullying were calculated by using decided scores to compare with the criteria that were adapted from a Likert rating scale loadings 0. 00-0 . 25 scored as 0, 0. 26-0. 50 scored as 1, 0. 51-0. 5 scored as 2, and 0. 76-1. 00 scored as 3. The resulting new scores were thus as follows kick, hit, and bite 3, 3 and 1, respectively push, throw something at, beat, pinch and scold 3, 2, 2, 1 and 1, respectively insult parents occupation 3 and insult parents name 1 and insulting students appearance is 3 and insulting students economic status 1. The resulting new scores are listed in get across 1. Factor loading Psychological Bullying behaviour categories Serious Minor bullying (Maligning physical Physical parent) bullying bullying Kick 0. 822 (3) prepare 0. 825 (3) Bite 0. 380 (1) Pinch 0. 783 (3) Beat 0. 587 (2) Throw something at 0. 07 (2) Push 0. 458 (1) Scold/ name-calling 0. 366 (1) Insult parents occupation 0. 878 (3) Insult parents name 0. 399 (1) Insult economic status Insult appearance Eigenvalue 1. 85 1. 77 1. 21 Variance explained 15. 4% 14. 7% 10. 1% none Number in the ( ) is resulting new scores for each type of b ullying Psychological bullying (Maligning student) 0. 765 (1) 0. 448 (1) 1. 01 8. 4% board 1 Factor loading scores and resulting new scores for each type of bullying The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 In the third method, the summarise scores for each type of bullying were calculated by using new scores for four types of bullying. The resulting total scores are thus as follows serious physical bullying (scores 0-7) (3*hit) + (3*kick) + bite minor physical bullying (scores 0-9) (3*pinch) + (2*beat) + (2*throw something at) + push + scold psychological bullying by maligning a parent (scores 0-4) (3*insult parents occupations) + insult parents names and psychological bullying by maligning the student (scores 0-4) (3*insult students economic status) + insult students appearance.In the fourth method, the bullying scores were analyzed by corporate tru st the total scores for each type of bullying serious physical bullying (scores 0-7) + minor physical bullying (scores 0-9) + psychological bullying by maligning a parent (scores 0-4) + psychological bullying by maligning the student. The one-fifth method, transform the bullying scores into Z-scores (standardized to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1). Finally, the students were identified into two categories for bullying, bullied or not bullied. The students who had a standardized score greater than 1 were identified as a bully. 6. Descriptive statistics of bullying and risk factors The distributions of seven determinants in this study involved half of students being from an urban school, 72. 2% were from public school, and 55. 4% were female. Slightly more than one third (34. 5%) were 8 years or less of age, 34. 0% were healed 9-10 years, and 31. 5% were 11 years old or more. Most of students (79. 7%) reported that they had not witnessed physical abuse between their paren ts. Nearly half (48. 2%) of the students preferred closed book cartoons type, 26. 0% preferred action and 25. 8% comedy. Regarding number of closemouthed friends, 41. % had 3-5 close friends, 32. 2% had two close friends or fewer and 26. 4% had six close friends or more. In this study, bullying outcome was identified as a dichotomous variables not bullied others (1,139 students) and bullied others (301 students). The percentage of students reporting that they had bullied others in school was 20. 9%. 6. 3 Associations between bullying and risk factors The associations between the outcome and the seven study determinants are shown in Table 2. Bullied behaviour Determinants School type Private Public School location Urban Rural Not bullied (1,139) 78. 2 80. 0 82. 5 77. Had bullied (301) 21. 8 20. 0 17. 5 22. 2 Total (1,440) 50. 0 50. 0 0. 7 27. 8 72. 2 0. 399 Chisquared 3. 9 p-value 0. 049* The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 6 sexuality Female manly Age group 8 yrs or less 9-10 yrs 11 yrs or more Parental physical abuse Not witnessed Witnessed vignette type preference Comedy Action Mystery Number of close friends 2 persons or less 3-5 persons 6 persons or more 31. 1 84. 5 72. 4 82. 9 79. 6 74. 4 87. 0 48. 1 86. 5 64. 5 83. 0 80. 6 80. 7 74. 7 15. 5 27. 17. 1 20. 4 25. 6 13. 0 51. 9 13. 5 35. 5 17. 0 19. 4 19. 3 25. 3 55. 4 44. 6 10. 3 34. 5 34. 0 31. 5 213. 5 79. 7 20. 3 66. 9 25. 8 26. 0 48. 2 5. 9 32. 2 41. 4 26. 4 0. 000** 0. 006** 0. 000** 0. 000** 0. 051 * p-value 0. 05 ** p-value 0. 01 Table 2 Associations between bullying and study determinants Table 2 shows that school type, gender, age group, parental physical abuse, and cartoon type were strongly associated with bullying. odds ratio plots of bullying categorized by five contrary risk factors are shown in Figures 1. Bullying behaviour (Bullying/Not bullying) ( Public/ Private) (Male/ Female) School type Witness/ Not witness) Gender Parental physical abuse Years Favorites cartoon type Age (group) Cartoon type Figure 1 Odds ratio plots of bullying categorized by four different risk factors The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 7 Figures 1 shows that the students from public schools reported bullying others portentously more often than did students from private schools (OR 1. 35, 95% CI 1. 01-1. 82). More males than females reported that they bullying others (OR 2. 07, 95% CI 1. 59-2. 69).The students who had witnessed physical abuse between their parents were more likely to be a bully than did those who had never witnessed physical abuse between their parents (OR 7. 22, 95% CI 5. 39-9. 67). The students aged 11 years or more were more likely to bully others than students aged 9-10 years and 8 years or less, (OR 1. 49, 95% CI 1. 13-1. 95). The students who preferred action cartoons tended to bully more than students who preferred mystery or comedy cartoons (OR 2. 93, 95% CI 5. 39-9. 67). 6. 4 Logistic regression analysis of bullying Logistic regression was used to examine the association between bullying and risk factors.The results are shown in Table 3 and Figure 2. Table 3 shows the results of the logistic regression analysis after omitting determinants with p-values more than 0. 05 using backward elimination. In this reduced ideal the four factors least significantly associated with the bullying are omitted. The smallest p-values indicate the factors most strongly associated with the bullying were gender, age group, parental physical abuse and cartoon type. Determinant Gender Female Male Age group 8 yrs or less 9-10 yrs 11 yrs or more Parental physical abuse Not witnessed Witnessed Cartoon type preference Comedy Action MysteryOR 0 1. 87 0 1. 29 1. 89 0 7. 11 0 2. 96 1. 33 (95% CI) p-value 0. 000 (1. 40,2. 50) 0. 000 0. 001 0. clx 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 147 (0. 90,1. 85) (1. 33,2. 69) (5. 26,9. 60) (1. 99,4. 43) (0. 90,1. 96) Table 3 Reduced model of association between bullying and risk factors Figure 2 shows the odds ratio plot of the results from fitting the final logistic regression model. It was found that witnessing parental physical abuse was intelligibly the most strongly associated determinant for bullying others.Students having witnessed parental physical abuse were more likely 7. 11 time to bully others than were those who had never witnessed parental physical The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 8 abuse (95% CI 5. 26-9. 60). appreciation for action cartoons was also a major risk factor for bullying others students who preferred action cartoons tended to bully more than did students who preferred c omedy cartoons (OR 2. 6, 95% CI 1. 99-4. 43). Among the age groups studied, older students (11+ years) were more likely to be a bully than did younger students (8 years or less) 1. 89 times (95% CI 1. 33-2. 69). Males were 1. 87 times (95% CI 1. 40-2. 50) more likely to have reported having bullied others than were females. Bullying others mystery Cartoon type action comedy Parental physical abuse yes no 11+ Age group 9-10 -8 boy Gender girl 1/8 1/4 1 2 4 8 Odds Ratio Figure 2 Risk factors of bullying in logistic regression final model 7.Discussion In this study, factor analysis and standardized score techniques were used to identify bullying outcome a student with a standardized score more than 1 was identified as a bully. exploitation an exploratory factor analysis for divided type of bullying is in union with a study by Parada et al (2005) in which six factors were found of 36 items. Beran (2005) found four factors of 21 items. Carlyle and Steinman (2007) found two factors. Usi ng a standardized score for identifying bullying in which a student with a standardized score more than 1 was identified as a bully (Scholte et al, 2007 Gini, 2008).In this study, the identifying techniques led to findings that witnessing parental physical abuse and cartoon type were major risk factors for bullying. Witnessing parental physical abuse was clearly the most strongly associated determinant linked to bullying than those who had never witnessed parental physical abuse (7. 11 times more likely). Exposure to parental family violence has been found to be related to negative behaviours of students the students who had witnessed parental physical abuse were more likely to bully others, when compared to those who had not itnessed parental physical abuse. This is in accordance with the studies of Herrera et al (2001) and Baldry (2003) who all reported that parental modeling of aggression The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 9 and violence promotes the development of a childs negative behaviour the child might copy the parents physical actions and might then become a bully to gain success in their own social interactions.Preference for action cartoons was also highly associated with bullying (2. 96 times more likely). This finding shows that the children who watch action cartoons or cartoon with superhero images were more likely to display aggressive or bullying behaviour. This was consistent with the studies of Kirsch (2006) and Blumberg et al (2008), who argued that cartoon violence may also influence young viewers to transfer violent acts from programs to realworld situations and has a significant additional effect in predicting bullying others.Students often copy the physical actions of parents or of action cartoon characters and so through their life experiences teach to be aggressive. By personally observing others acting acutely to achieve some goal the children might learn to act aggressively. With this modeling, the child might then become a bully to gain success in his or her own social interactions. This explanation is in line with finding by Larson (2003) and Williams (2007) who found that children use the same aggressive tactics that they observe they learn to act aggressively when they model the behaviour of violent acts.The children are more likely to copy someone they are looking at, and children have a greater tendency to imitate the modeling of those with whom they have the most contact (Cooke, 1993 Kirsch, 2006). 8. Recommendations 8. 1 Implications of the study This study showed that bullying is a serious problem in Pattani primary schools. Witnessing parental physical abuse and preferring action cartoons were the highest risk factors associated with bullying. Parents are the most important persons in providing leading and direction for the successful prevention and interventio n of bullying.They should provide close attention and talk regularly with their children about their feelings and relationships with friends at school. They should work in partnership with the school to encourage positive behaviour. Moreover, they must have patience, try to avoid using violence, and closely advise and control the cartoon program viewing of their children. Findings from this study should friend in the development of prevention and intervention policies in the primary schools and assist educational authorities to introduce better strategies for reducing the problem.School administrators and teachers are the next most important persons for preventing the prevalence of bullying in schools. The school environment should be safe, orderly, and bullyfree. Teachers have to provide positive and mature role-modeling in techniques to students and teach them how to interact with one another. They should develop a program that teaches The 2nd International Conference on Humaniti es and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 0 students about the dangers of bullying, develop school personnel in teaching bully-free practices and teach students about all forms of bullying verbal, emotional, psychological, and physical, as well as teach students about disadvantages of cartoon violence viewing and physical abuse between parents. 8. 2 Recommendations for future studies Results of our study reveal the extent of bullying in primary schools within Pattani province to be a serious problem.Future research could focus on comparing prevalence rates among different types of schools or in one specific type of school across districts within Pattani province or nearby provinces, such as Yala, Naratiwat, and Songkhla provinces. Results may give the indispensable information to teachers and administrators responsible for improving existing awareness programs, as well as continuing to organize our children in the safest and best learning environment possible.In order for bullying to be prevented or decreased in our schools, school personnel need to commit to the ideal that bullying is unacceptable, is serious, and should not be tolerated. Bullying is not a rite of passage that students must work out for themselves. When one incident of bullying occurs it is serious. privacy from students does not imply acceptance. Teachers need breeding that will help them to identify students who suffer in silence. The training needs to include strategies for victims as well as bullies. School personnel need to intervene befittingly in order to gain the confidence of the students.To gain that confidence, teachers need to be aware that victims of bullying who go along silent will rarely take the initiative to tell teachers they are being bullied and would benefit from having someone pro-active and notice their circumstance and offer them help. There is also a large, silent majority of bystanders in our schools. These students are usually well-developed socially but they do not know how to reclaim the power from the bullies. Some of these students may be afraid to confront the issue and thus ignore or avoid bullying situations.If we can tap into this silent majority and teach these students the skills they need, we can create a positive school climate with this silent majority holding the power and helping to make the school safe and secure for all. come on research should examine specific teacher referrals after bullying incidents and whether there is a consistent method of reporting these incidents throughout the grade levels and among all teachers. The administration of disciplinary actions, when dealing with the types of bullying incidents should consistent throughout the school.An increase in student learning is an overall goal of this study. If students feel safe at school, if they are not worried about the atmosphere in which they learn, then greater stu dent achievements will be likely to The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 11 exist. In order to create and maintain a safe and orderly school environment, all stakeholders must take an active role in combating the bullying problem in Pattani primary schools today. . References Baldry, A. C. 2003. Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 713732. Beale, A. 2001. Bully busters Using drama to empower students to take a stand against bullying behaviour. Professional School Counseling, 4, 300-306. Beran, T. 2005. A new perspective on managing school bullying Pre-service teachers attitudes. Journal of Social Science, 8 43-49. Besag, V. E. 2006. Understanding girls friendships, fights and feuds A practical approach to girls bullying. Milton Keynes Open University Press.Blumberg, F. C. , Bierwirth, K. P. 2008. Schwartz AJ. Does Cartoon Violence Beget Aggressive Behavior in Real Life? An Opposing View. Early childhood Educ J. 2008 36101104. Carlyle, K. E. , and Steinman, K. J. 2007. Demographic differences in the prevalence, cooccurrence, and correlates of adolescent bullying at school. Journal of School Health, 77 623-629. Cooke, P. 1993. TV causes violence? Says Who?. The New York Times. Craig, W. 1998. The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety and aggression in elementary children.Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 123-130. Egbochuku, E. O. 2007. Bullying in Nigerian schools Prevalence study and implications for counselling, J. Soc. Sci. , 14(1) 65-71. Farrington, D. P. 1993. Understanding and preventing bullying. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds. ), Crime and Justice (Vol. 17). pelf University of Chicago Press. Gini, G. 2008. Associations between bullying behaviour, psychosomatic complaints, emotional and behavioural problems. Journal of Paediatrics and Child H ealth. 44 492 497. Hawkins, D. L. , Pepler D. J. , and Craig, W. M. 001. realistic observations of peer interventions in bullying. Social Development, 10 (4) 512-527. Herrera, V. M. , and McCloskey, L. A. 2001. Gender differences in the risk for delinquency among youth subject to family violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25 10371051. Junger, T. J. 1996. Youth and violence in Europe. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 5(1) 31-58. The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 12 Kirsch, S. 2006.Cartoon violence and aggression in youth. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 11 547557. Larson, M. S. 2003. Gender, Race, and Aggression in Television Commercials That Feature Children. wind Roles. 48 67-75. McNeil, D. 1996. Epidemiological research methods. New York John Wiley & Sons. Mouttapa, M. , Valente, T. , Gallaher, P. , Rohrbach, L. A. , and Unger, J. B. 2004 . Social network predictors of bullying and victimization. Adolescence, 39 315-336. Olweus, D. 1999. The character of school bullying A cross-national perspective. London Routledge. Parada, R. H. , Marsh, H. W. and Craven, R. G. 2005. There and back again from bully to victim and victim to bully A reciprocal effects model of bullying behaviours in schools. Sydney, Australia SELF Research Centre, University of westbound Sydney. Scholte, R. J. , Engels, R. E. , Overbeek, G. , Kemp, R. T. , and Haselager, G. T. 2007. Stability in Bullying and Victimization and its Association. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35 217-228. Tapanya, S. 2006. A survey of bullying problem of students in Thailand. Chiang-Mai Faculty of Medicine, Chiang-Mai University. Veenstra, R. , Lindenberg, S. Oldehinkel, A. J. , De Winter, A. F. , Verhulst, F. C. , and Ormel, J. 2005. Bullying and victimization in elementary schools A coincidence of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents. Developmental Psychology, 41 672-682. Wan Salwina, W. I. , Susan, M. K. , Nik Ruzyanei, N. J. , Tuti Iryani, M. D. , Syamsul, S. , Aniza, A. , and Zasmani, S. 2009. School bullying amongst standard students attending primary national schools in the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur The prevalence and associated socio demographic factors, Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 18(1) 5-12.Williams, G. 2007. Gabriel Tarde and the Imitation of Deviance. visible(prenominal) at http//www. criminology. fsu. edu/crimtheory/ tarde. htm. Accessed date September 21, 2007. Wolke, D. , Woods, S. , Stanford, K. , and Schulz, H. 2001. Bullying and victimization of primary school children in England and Germany Prevalence and school factors. British Journal of Psychology. 92 673696. The 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences April 10th, 2010 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Beliefs Literature Lifestyle_002 13

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The Persistence of Memory - Essay ExampleThe painting is best cognize for its surrealistic elements and can appear to be irrational, unsettling, paradoxical or even nonsensical. But beneath the cover of this confusion lies its aesthetic merit and conceptual integrity.In the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) where it is currently displayed, it is placed on base The Disintegration of Persistence of Memory, which was painted twenty years later and meant to be a revision of the before work. It is interesting to note that in the intervening period the Second World War happened, which significantly neutered Dalis understanding of existence. Also, in the years between 1931 and 1954, Albert Einsteins General Theory of Relativity would become highly acclaimed. This had a profound effect on artists and intellectuals of the time, including Salvador Dali. In this context, it is instructive to study Dalis watches as a manifestation of such theoretical natural philosophy concepts as the time-spa ce continuum, time-warp, etc. This internal transformation in the artists understanding of physical reality would manifest itself in his later works. Hence a comparative study of The Persistence of Memory and its rewrite version would not only give insights into the mind of the artist but also the evolving geo-political realities and scientific discoveries of the ordinal century.It is repayable to aforementioned special qualities of the work that I chose it for my 3D project. Moreover, I took it up as a challenge to replicate disfigured pocket watches shown in the painting. But this task is not easy due to certain reasons. For example, creating soft watches in 2D is relatively easier than in 3D, for it is easier for the 2D artist to suspend laws of physics in favor of the idea he projects. Further, it is not always feasible to replicate in 3D what was depicted in 2D. I took inspiration from the fact that Dali himself had overcome these challenges in

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perceptual experience and discourse - Article ExampleThe main aim is to conduct this theatre focusing on south-central African organizations.The research was conducted in an exploratory manner. For the purpose of achieving its aim, the research was conducted by interviewing a sample of overlord accountants. The views on the concept of social communication varied significantly from other professions as accountants take interpersonal communication as a tool to aid their professional goals, rather than creating unofficial relationships and bonds with fellow colleagues. The study also reveals that organizational communication is perceived as an official channel for accountants to collaborate their efforts however, communication barriers whitethorn hinder the success of communication due to lack of relationships and knowledge virtually colleagues, their lives and views on issues. The perception about interpersonal communication of accountants, as per the research, seems flawed as t hey perceive it to be an official means of communication rather than a way to establish social groups and social status for their group.The main weakness of the denomination is its primary focus on qualitative rather than quantitative methodology. The clause is primarily designed to stick to South African organizations and accountants hence, the applicability of the results and findings on other regions and groups may be questioned. The article provides a careful start to a research however, it lacks coherence, direction and sufficient supporting evidence.Considering the strengths of this article, one may conclude that the article is written in simple and easily understandable language. The article follows a logical flow of culture starting from the definition of the key terms like perception, interpersonal communication and organizational communication to the culmination where it achieves its

Critical evaluation of energy relations between Russian Far East and Dissertation

Critical evaluation of zip relations between Russian furthest atomic number 99 and Asia ( china & Japan) post 2000 - Dissertation ExampleDuring the decimal point of the 1990s the presidency of the country did not nowadays control the large number of oil resources and industries in Russia. Rather big business tycoons who maintained a strong relation with the Russian Government officials controlled these industries. The Russian administration during the period ranging from 1995 to 2000 endeavored to take decisive travel to bring about reforms in the countrys energy policies, which failed to get fulfilled owing to deplorable performances of the Russian economy. However the gradual revival of the economy after the 1999 period led the Russian government formulate an energy strategy till the 2020 period. This strategy aims at augmenting the supply of energy to meet the planetary demand. Further, the strategy aims at reducing the dependence of natural spatter from around 50 perce nt during the 1990 period to around 42 percent during 2020. Rather the strategy focused on increasing the share of blacken in energy generation from 16 percent in 1998 to around 23 percent during 2020. These indemnity directions along with focus on nuclear energy generation are expected to draw vast investments of around $700 billion by the 2020 period (Woehrel, 2009, pp.1-2 Russian Energy Survey, 2002, p.23). Russias Energy Policy towards China and Japan post 2000. In the field of energy development, the ii countries Russia and China started their cooperation from the period of the late fifties with Russia rendering technological knowhow for developing the oil industry in China. With the emergence of the 1990 period several government and energy agencies in both countries figured the laying down of gas pipelines between themselves as a feasible idea. With the signing of the Treaty of Friendship during 2001 the expectation of energy collaboration between Russia and China gained advertise ground. The directions took shape under Vladimir Putins leadership after the 2001 period with the decision taken by the two countries to construct a joint pipe line for transmitting oil. Exports of oil by Russia to China increase through different routes from 3 million in 2002 to 16 million during the period of 2006. This clearly reflects the evolution interest of Russia on exporting oil to China which gained growth after the 2005 period. The construction period for the gas pipeline laid at 2008 failed owing to failure of price agreements between Russia and China. During 2006, Putin further announced the accessory of gas resources to China along the Serbian border. (Eder, Speed & Korzhubaev, 2009,pp.219-2224, 240-242). The energy policy of the Putin government became an area of high influence by the Japanese diplomats in trying to get the best out of it. The Japanese diplomats in demand(p) the map for the oil pipeline to be set from Angarsk to Nakhodka which would be beneficial to the Japanese region. Japan considered the higher up move a strategic importance for it would reduce their dependence on oil resources of the Middle East and also strengthen its relationship with Moscow (Amalia, 2006.p.3, 7). Trend of Energy Uses in China and Japan The advent of China in the World Trade Organization augmented the countrys use of energy resources, which gained growth at the rate of 71.5 percent during the period ranging from 2001 to 2006. The region of China during the period of 2003 consumed around 31 percent of the total coal energy in the world. Further, China accounted for 7.6 percent of the global oil custom and

Defining Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defining felonious Justice - Assignment ExampleIntroduction Criminal umpire refers to the structure of institutions and procedures aimed at promoting social control and moderating crime by enforcing penalties and rehabilitation efforts to those who cocker laws. In American, criminal justice is administered through the criminal justice transcription that comprises three constituents, that is the legislative, which makes laws, adjudication, which represents the court system and corrections, which consists of jails, prisons, parole and probation systems. All these groups of persons work together to uphold the rule of law. However, the criminal justice process moves from policing, courts and in conclusion corrections. police force enforcement or guard is the initial contact point between an offender and the criminal justice, devising arrests and conducting investigations to gather evidence on crimes committed. Evidence gathered is presented to the courts for adjudication and pros ecution of offenders before sentenced offenders are taken to punitive facilities. ... When delving into the various media used to illustrate various constructions of criminal justice, we shall focus firstly on those that represent the police, secondly, we shall font into those that illustrate the courts or adjudication system and lastly correctional facilities. Media on Policing Some of the acclaimed movies and television shows that highlight the policing aspect of criminal justice include Law and Order and The Untouchables (1). Law and Order is a television serial publication aired on NBC showing the policing aspect of criminal justice. The series, which is based on real life events, focuses on crime investigations and suspect apprehension by the police. It also highlights the processes involved in investigations, for instance, forensic analysis of evidence, procedures of receiving warrants from the courts and police involvement in prosecution of suspects through testimonies and presenting evidence (2). For example, an episode in the first season of Law and Order entitled Subterraean Homeboy Blues depicts real life happenings where the police were instrumental in bringing Bernhard Hugo Goetz to justice after he shot four men who attempted to mug him on a wise York subway train. The police gathered evidence which led to Goetzs conviction for illegally possessing a firearm. The Untouchables, on the other hand, centers on the corrupt aspect of law enforcement, the movie, released in 1987, is centered on the life of a conclave leader and focuses on portraying the ills of law enforcement such as corruption and colluding with criminals (2). In this film, a large proportion of the police system is portrayed negatively as corrupt officers, who help gang leaders to take advantage

Shakespeare's Globe Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shakespeares Globe Theater - Essay ExampleIt was laid in the outskirts of London (Notini 1001) made from oak was genius of Englands most magnificent structures with a posing capacity of around 3000 and designed as an open air three story amphi airfield. Despite the distinct class divisions in the Elizabethan times, which were evident even in most of the plays, the theatre provided a meeting place in which both the rich and poor could enjoy entertainment together. The upper classes employed the upper levels which were relatively comfortable while the poor in any case known in the theater context as groundling occupied an area called the pit for the price of a penny although they had to stand.The theatres dramatic symbolism was deepen by the fact that signs and flags were normally used when advertising performances that the audience expected to see (Weimann 402). A disaster like Othello would be symbolized by a black flag, comedies like taming of the shrew a white one and histo rical plays such as Julius Ceaser would be advertised with a red flag. Embossed on the mesmerise were the Latin inscriptions Totus mundus agit histrionem, meaning the whole world is a playhouse. The theaters historical significance is underpinned by its close resemblance to the Greco roman structures where citizens met to enjoy games and plays. It acts as a bridge to the classical and renaissance periods where theater was finally given the recognition it deserved and to a significant extent, the globe theatre is the reason for conquest and relevance of broadways and even Hollywood albeit indirectly. Here, famous plays were tried and tested and different staging techniques experimented with, the individuality of actors was also approached with exceptional ones being recognized and this gradually led up to the concept of stardom where actors are highly revered although in those days they were often considered immoral. During